中国与东盟水资源安全合作探略

【作者】 张文强；

【导师】 朱新光；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 国际关系， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 目前,世界范围内的发达国家和发展中国家之间以气候变化和环境保护为焦点的国际政治、经济、安全新博弈正在如火如荼地进行着。不同于传统的国家间军事安全问题,这些博弈带有了全新的行为方式特征和非传统安全性质内涵,因此,也提出了根本不同的解决和实践行为方式的要求。作为这种非传统安全一部分的水关系问题,与国际气候和环境问题等有着密切的关联。由其自身特殊物理属性(稀缺性、不可替代性、不均衡分配性)导致的尖锐供需矛盾关系、国际河流上下游水能源开发利用争端等,在自上世纪70年代发展以来的这种形势下,日益以现实性的紧迫问题面孔呈现出来,成为扩展了的国际安全关系理论研究的一个重要议题。这样,水安全关系理论随着国际安全理论研究的历史发展和变迁经历了：从最初的“水稀缺导致冲突”论,到水很少能够直接引发冲突和战争——尽管常常会涉及到水,再到目前的水事实上是促成更宽领域合作的重要因素,形成了理论中的各种思想流派、对立观点和立场的激烈争议。贯穿始终的还有水问题的“安全化”的分歧。非传统问题“安全化”与“去安全化”的理论争论构成目前国际安全研究的内在推动力之一。“水是否属于安全?”的问题,伴随着对安全概念拓展的争议和一直以来安全概念本身的难以界定,而变得更加复杂。流域水的国际规则、制度缺失得到理论学者的共同重视。水安全合作论是目前的主流性认识,流域的水安全合作性机制构建成为实现未来地区水安全的根本途径。中国与东盟(ASEAN)作为世界和东亚地区发展较为迅速的地区,地区内部的经济、政治、安全合作和一体化进程的不断深入,目前正处在传统安全和非传统安全共存、前者向后者过渡的时期。在新的地区安全秩序和格局下,传统安全为非传统安全余留了空间,为其探索新的模式提供了特殊外部作用基础。水资源开发利用可能引发流域安全危机、水能源与经济发展的相互制约性等相关问题既为国家在传统安全基础上解决非传统安全问题提出了挑战,也为地区安全合作和实质性地推进一体化进程提供了契机。面对这种地区安全形势,东盟和中国相应地提出了新的安全应对模式：合作安全(cooperative security)和新安全观。水合作安全与机制建设成为地区安全合作一体化框架下最具前景的地区安全合作观念和实践模式。国内水安全的研究不能取代国际水问题探讨。目前在以国际安全领域为研究范畴对国际河流问题如上下游水争端的国内探讨还不够深入,并没有形成相应的理论框架和逻辑体系。尽管在水资源安全研究方面已经做出了很多的成就,但由于安全概念本身长期以来存在的界定上的巨大争议,国内水安全和国际水安全还具有很大的复杂性和不确定性。文章主要是以水冲突和合作的理论及非传统安全国际关系(Non- Traditional security international relations, NTSIR)为概念和理论背景,重点关注国际河流中上下游国家之间权力结构因素及其对水问题的影响,阐述东亚地区中国和东盟的水与其他领域关系互动以及国家层面的水安全合作机制构建。文章认为,中国与东盟水资源安全具有的合作性质远大于军事冲突战略性。在新形势下,水安全合作具有了新的内涵和特点,国际水合作安全遂之成为流域水安全合作的重要实践模式。因此,需要结合本地区独特的国家关系历史发展特征和国际安全政治现实,通过由地区大国发挥更大积极主导作用的国际安全机制构建,最终解释和实践水安全关系问题。具体措施上,本地区的发展中国家解决水问题还需要额外的技能、创新的方法和全新的理念,需要能够成功协调各国能源、粮食、环境和工业政策的更加全面、综合的方法。在同流域其他周边国家接触中,注意非传统性因素,使传统的安全向非传统安全转向,如非国家行为体的参与、对自然资源和生态系统本身可持续性功能的保障、技术信息的创新与作用、综合管理方式的采纳。在此过程中将有可能需要付出一定的国家主权和利益代价,如做出一定限度内的让渡和超越等,但着眼于国家的长远战略(如软实力战略)实施与发展和国家地区外部形象的构筑都将有积极的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, around the world the international political, economic, and security conflicts between developed and developing countries, which focus on the climate change and environmental protection, is in full swing. Unlike the traditional inter-state military and security issues, these conflicts have developed with a new non-traditional security characteristics and essence, and, therefore, have a fundamentally different solution requirements.The water relations issues, as a part of this non-traditional security, are closely related to the international climate and environmental issues. Under these international situation since last century 70s, water relationaships issues, because of its special physical properties (scarcity, irreplaceability and uneven distribution) inducing acute supply relationship between supply and demand, international river development and utilization of the dispute, emerges in the form of realistic urgent problems and become a important subject in expanded international security relations theory studies. In this way, water security relations theory go through from "water scarcity induceing conflict" first theory to "water can induce seldom conflict or war" knowing, finally to present "water, in fact, facilitate wider areas cooperation". And form all sorts of thought school, opposite ideas and position.Controversy still remain, but the difference about water securitization run through from start to finish. The interaction of Non-traditional issues "securitization" and traditional issues "desecuritization" constitute one of the internal logic motivations of present international security process. Along with the controversy of the expansion of security concept and the difficulty to define the security concept itself, "Whether water is security issues or not?" has became more complex.In addition, more theory scholar also attach common importance to the lack of basin international water rules and institute. Water security cooperative has becoming the main knowledge and theory. And basin water security cooperative institute building will be the root approach to achieve regional water security.As East Asia or the world’s rapid development area, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional economic, political, security cooperation and regional integration continued to deepen. This area is being in the coexistence of traditional security and non-traditional security, and the transition from the former to the latter. Under new regional security order and framework, traditional security remains room for non-traditional security, and provides the special external affection and basic. The crisis due to the development and utilization of water, the mutual constraint between water resource and economical development, provide an challenge for resolution of non-traditional security issues meanwhile also an opportunity for the regional security cooperation and essential integration process. The face of such traditional security and non-traditional security situation in the coexistence of regional security, ASEAN and China has put forward a corresponding new security response modes, that is Cooperative Security (cooperative security) and the new security concept. Water Security Cooperation as a regional security mechanism within the framework of security cooperation and integration, becomes the most promising concepts and practice models.The domestic water security studies cannot take the place of the international water issues study. Presently, our research under the research framework of international security still run short of the depth about the international river issues such as the crisis between upstream states and downstream ones. We still have not built corresponding theory framework and logic system. Although we have attain large success in water resource security research, the domestic water security and international water security still have more complicacy and uncertainty because of "security" concept per se exit huge dispute in the definition.This thesis mainly bases on water conflict cooperation theory, Non-traditional security international relations as the conceptual and theoretical background, focuses power structure factors and its affects between upstream and downstream in the international river, and elaborates the mutual relations of China-ASEAN water and others non-water issues and international water security cooperation institute building.This thesis argues that China- ASEAN Water security cooperative nature of military conflict is far greater than the strategic. Under the new situation, water security cooperation takes on new connotations and characteristics, international water cooperation security became important basin water security cooperation practice patten. So, It is required that we should consider the area’s unique characteristics of the historical development of state relations and the reality of international security and politics, through the construction of international security mechanism in which the regional leading nations play an important and active role, in order to interpret and practice the relation issues of water security ultimately. To solve water issues, the developing countries in Asia need more concrete measures such as additional skills, innovative approaches and new ideas, and more comprehensive and integrated approaches to coordinated energy, food, environmental and industrial policies successfully. In contacting with other neighboring countries of the same drain-basin, we should pay more attention to non-traditional factors and making the traditional security shift to non-traditional security, such as the involvement of non-state actors, the security of the sustaining function of natural resources and ecosystem, the innovation and operation of technical information and the adoption of comprehensive management approaches. In this process, although countries perhaps have to give up a certain degree of national sovereignty and interests, for example conceding within certain sphere and so on, there will be a positive significance on implementation and development of the country’s long-term strategies (such as soft power strategy) and the building of its regional external image.更多还原