【作者】 王鹏；

【导师】 张勇；

【作者基本信息】 西安体育学院 ， 体育教育训练， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 研究目的:运动学分析是运动技术分析与诊断的一个重要手段,随着三维影像解析技术的发展和普及,我国学者对铁饼投掷技术的运动学特征进行了很多有意义的研究,但是这些运动学研究主要存在以下缺陷:以往获得旋转技术的运动学特征比较分散,不成体系;由于系统性研究的缺乏,大部分技术对比是在没有考虑可比性的情况下进行的;受研究仪器的限制,影像采集多采用常速,对于掷铁饼这种高速旋转类项目来说,其研究结果的深度和准确度会受到一定的限制。本文目的是通过对三维高速技术录像进行解析,获得现阶段我国优秀女子铁饼运动员系统的旋转技术运动学特征,同时对这些运动学特征进行横向对比分析,归纳研究对象旋转阶段运动学特征的异同,从中找出可以划分技术风格的主要运动学特征,为旋转技术的分析与诊断和国内外运动员的技术对比提供较为准确的依据,从而真正发挥运动学分析在训练实践中的作用,提高我国运动员科学训练的水平以及丰富铁饼项目的运动学理论体系。研究方法:本文采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、三维高速摄像法、录像解析法和数理统计法,对现阶段我国优秀女子铁饼运动员的旋转技术进行分析。研究结论:1.宋爱民旋转技术的最大特点是注重“旋转”,其重心的旋转位移主要是通过左脚单支撑旋转阶段摆动腿大半径由上到下的弧线摆动和身体姿势较大幅度的变化而实现,在正确完成技术的前提下,能够形成四名运动员中最有力的最后用力姿势;这种技术风格的缺陷是不能很好控制腾空阶段和过渡阶段的节奏,导致最后用力阶段可能出现能力落后于技术的现象,影响技术的稳定性,解决这个问题可以通过改善动作节奏和提高过渡阶段专项能力来实现。2.李艳凤旋转技术最明显的特征是重心位移的向前性,摆动腿的小半径直线摆动,使她的重心运动轨迹趋向于平直,铁饼运动轨迹呈现出完美的圆形。这种技术风格在铁饼速度上表现出持续加速的特征,在最后用力之前可以形成较快的水平分速度占优势的合速度。李艳凤旋转技术的缺陷表现在腾空和过渡阶段时间过长,不能够形成最佳的最后用力姿势,如果能加快下肢在过渡阶段的速度,形成更大幅度的超越器械,可以弥补缺陷,完善旋转技术。3.孙太凤的旋转技术是女子铁饼运动员中较为少见的,她的技术突出一个“快”字,尤其在旋转阶段的前三个阶段用时最短,她既有李艳凤的小半径直线摆动技术,又有宋爱民旋转占优势的重心位移特征。这种技术风格在左脚单支撑阶段可以获得最大效益的旋转力矩,但是在过渡阶段减少衔接时间和形成最佳用力姿势时出现困难,容易出现正确技术无法完成。解决犯规的问题,可以通过加快左脚单支撑阶段右髋的摆动速度以及在保证腾空时间不变的情况下缩短过渡时间来实现。4.马雪君的旋转技术是最传统的,其主要技术特征包括大半径的弧线摆动,拐点明显的倒“7”形重心运动轨迹。马雪君技术的优势在于能够用相对较短的过渡时间形成最佳的用力姿势,在比赛时技术较为稳定。她的旋转技术需要克服的一点就是缩短腾空时间,减少腾空失速。5.通过对研究对象旋转阶段运动学特征的分析,归纳出可以划分我国优秀女子铁饼运动员旋转技术风格的运动学特征主要有以下三个:1、摆动腿的摆动方式,包括“弧线”大半径和“直线”小半径摆动;2、重心的位移轨迹,包括拐点明显的“倒7”和拐点不明显的“倒7”以及重心轨迹方向同投掷方向是否一致;3、重心位移距离。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research objectives:Kinematics analysis is one important method in sport technique analyzing and diagnosis. Along with the development and popular of three dimensional image analytic technique, Chinese scholar had done many meaningful research on the kinematics characteristics of discus technique. But the main defects of kinematics research are show as following: the kinematics characteristics obtained before is dispersive and immethodical; Because of the defect of systematic research, most technical feature comparison had done in the situation of leave out of consider the comparability; The restrictions of instrument lead the image capture use normal speed, to the discus which is a high speed event, the deep and accuracy of research results is restricted. The purpose of the article is to analyze the technique image of the three dimensional video tape, obtaining the systematic kinematics characteristic, and at the same time did a parallel comparison between these characteristics, Generalizing a similarities and differences of the kinematics characteristics in the stage of rotation. That will provide basis for the analysis and diagnosis on kinematics characteristic, as well as for the technique comparison, Thereby, making a full play of the kinematics analysis on the training practice, improving the level of scientific training for Chinese athletes and enrich the kinematical theory system of discus event. Research methods: This article adopted the methods of literature, expert interview, photography of three dimensional in high speed, and mathematic statistics to analyze the rotation technique of Chinese elite women’s discus throwers.Research conclusion:1. Song Aimin’rotating technique has a marked characteristic is emphasize“rotation”. The declination of her CG is implemented through swinging leg curvature swing from up to down at the stage of left leg single supporting. On the premise of execute correct action, she can form the most powerful final stage posture. The defect of this technique style is can’t control the rhythm of flight and transition stage. This style may lead to the phenomenon of ability fall behind technique which can influence the stability of technique. This problem can implement through change action rhythm and improve the special ability.2. Li Yanfeng’s rotating technique has one obvious characteristic is the forward displacement of CG. In the swing process the radius of swing leg is short, this lead her CG orbit to flat and the discus trail demonstrate a perfect circle. This technique style show a constant acceleration characteristic in discus speed and before final stage can form a fast speed which horizontal velocity is predominant. The defect of her rotating technique is show as follow: the time of flight and transition stage is long, and can’t form the most powerful posture. If she can accelerate the speed of lower limbs in transition stage, it will form a vast scale posture of beyond the instrument. Thereby it can remedy defects, perfecting the rotating technique.3. Sun Taifeng’s rotating technique is scarce in women discus throwers. Her technique can be described with a word“fast”. Especially it has a shortest time at the three previous stages in rotating stage. She has the short radius of Li yanfeng’swinging technique, as well as Song aimin’s CG displacement characteristics of rotation dominant. This technique style can acquire the maximum efficiency rotating torque at the stage of left leg single support, but it will encounter difficulties when short transition time and form the best powerful posture, these will lead the right technique cannot be completed. To solve the problem, she can do it trough accelerate the swing speed of right hip and short the transition time before the situation of ensure flight time unchanging. This technique style can acquire the maximum efficiency rotating torque at the stage of left leg single support, but it will encounter difficulties when short transition time and form the best powerful posture, these will lead the right technique cannot be completed. To solve the problem, she can do it trough accelerate the swing speed of right hip and short the transition time before the situation of ensure flight time unchanging.4. Ma Xuejun’s rotating technique is the most traditional in the four athletes. Its main technique characteristic is arc swing with long radius and the CG trail is show as inverted“7”of obvious inflexion. Her technique has advantage lies in can use in a relatively short time of transition form the best powerful posture, in a relatively stale technique. Her rotating technique has one point need to conquer is short flight time decrease stall.5. Through the analysis kinematics characteristic in rotating stage, we can conclude the kinematics characteristic which can divide the rotating technique style of Chinese elite women discus throwers to three mainly: the swing style of the swing leg, it include“pitch arc”long radius and“straight line”short radius; the displacement trail of CG include inverted“7”of obvious and not obvious inflexion, as well as whether the direction of CG trail is consistent with throwing direction; the displacement distance of CG..更多还原