【作者】 孙博；

【导师】 曹后男；

【作者基本信息】 延边大学 ， 果树学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 无核葡萄是当今世界葡萄消费和育种的重要方向之一。假单性结实无核葡萄的合子胚在发育过程中败育而不能发育成正常的种子,因而常规育种只能以无核品种作父本杂交选育无核葡萄品种,但后代中无核几率低（0～15.9%）,育种效率低。而胚挽救技术可以挽救败育的幼胚,使无核葡萄品种作母本成为了可能,大大提高了无核葡萄的育种效率。本试验以延边地区主栽的两个无核葡萄品种无核白和布朗无核为试材,研究了胚败育时期及胚挽救的影响因素。研究结果表明:无核白在授粉后第38天大部分胚开始败育,胚乳在胚发生败育之前已经开始败育并解体消失,随之胚也开始出现败育,并在授粉后第44天完全败育;布朗无核的胚也是伴随着胚乳的败育消失而开始大量败育的,大部分胚在授粉后第42天开始败育,并在授粉后第46天完全败育消失。所以,无核白的最佳胚挽救时期是授粉后第37天,布朗无核的最佳胚挽救时间是授粉后第40天。无核白的最佳胚挽救培养基为Nitsch+IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+GA₃0.5 mg·L^-1,附加6%的蔗糖;在此培养基上,授粉后第37天的无核白胚珠的萌发率为42.25%,成苗率为23.96%;布朗无核最佳胚挽救培养基为Nitsch+IAA 2.0mg·L^-1+BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+GA₃ 0.5 mg·L^-1,附加6%的蔗糖,在此培养基上,授粉后第40天的布朗无核胚珠的萌发率和成苗率分别为44.97%和39.74%。此外,活性炭对胚发育阶段有一定的促进作用,但对胚珠的萌发和成苗影响不大;而水解乳蛋白的成分能使胚珠发育率与胚萌发率有较大的提高,而对于成苗影响不大。在胚挽救过程中材料经低温（4℃）处理30天,再接种,并转入培养室内进行胚珠培养,有利于提高萌发率和成苗率。更多还原

【Abstract】 Seedless grapes are one of the principle objectives of grape breeding in the world. Zygotic embryos of seedless grapes can’t develop normal seeds because of abortion, so seedless grape cultivars are only taken as paternal parents in breeding new seedless grapes by conventional crossing, but the seedless progeny is only 0 to 15.9%. And embryo rescue techniques can save the young embryo abortion, so that breeding for seedless grape plants as possible, can greatly enhance the efficiency of seedless grape breeding.This test of Yanbian area of seedless grape cultivars both Thompson Seedless and Bronx Seedless of Embryo Abortion in time, and to rescue the factors which affect study results show that:The initial stage of embryo abortion for Thompson Seedless was on the 38 days after pollination,that for Bronx Seedless was on the 42 days after pollination. The best harvest time of Thompson Seedless, Bronx Seedless was 37d and 40d after respectively.The suitable medium was Nitsch+IAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+ BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+GA₃ 0.5 mg·L^-1 on embryo resuce for Thompson Seedless, it is essential to add 6% sucrose; In this medium, the 37 days after pollination of Thompson Seedless Ovule germination rate was 42.25%, seedling rate of 23.96%; The suitable medium was Nitsch+IAA 2.0 mg·L^-1 +BA 0.5 mg·L^-1+ GA3 0.5 mg·L^-1 on embryo resuce for Thompson Seedless, it is essential to add 6% sucrose; In this medium, the 40 days after pollination of Bronx Seedless Ovule germination rate was 44.97%, seedling rate of 39.74%. In addition, Embryo development stages of AC to produce a definite enhancing effect, but the ovule seedling germination haved little effect; The LH can make ovule embryo development rate and germination rate had a greater increased, but little effect on the seedling.Embryo rescue in the course material by low temperature （4℃） to deal with 30 days, and then inoculated into the culture and ovule culture indoors and will be beneficial to the germination rate and seedling rate.更多还原