【作者】 李艳芳；

【导师】 常金仓；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁师范大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 《尚书》是研究先秦历史最重要的文献,原是三代史官掌管的政府档案。在漫长的历史过程中,经过不断选择,一些具有典型意义的档案被编纂成《书》。春秋战国时代,《尚书》成为各家学派立说的依据。儒家学派的创始人孔子整理《尚书》并作《序》,司马迁《史记》曾引用《书序》。秦始皇颁布焚书令,《尚书》成为重点焚烧对象。秦末项羽火烧咸阳,《尚书》再遭厄运。汉惠帝废除“挟书令”,向天下广求遗书,伏生本、孔壁本、河间献王本和张霸本相继出现。张霸本当时就被拆穿作伪的真相,只在民间流传。河间献王本没有产生多少影响。伏生本在两汉一直列于学官。孔壁古文《尚书》比伏生本多出十六篇,刘歆主张把古文《尚书》立于学官,却受到今文家的抵制,直到新莽朝才得以实现。东汉重新确立今文《尚书》博士学官的地位。此时杜林本古文《尚书》出现,贾逵、马融、郑玄等都给杜林本古文《尚书》作注,古文逐渐兴盛。汉末开始了长期的分裂局势,政权不断更迭。董卓之乱、永嘉之乱毁掉了大量典籍,《尚书》亡佚。东晋初梅赜献上题名为西汉孔安国传注的古文《尚书》,并立在博士学官。宋代学者吴棫从语言难易的角度首先怀疑这部书的真伪，他的这个理由也成为朱熹怀疑的依据。在他们的影响下,明代梅鷟撰写专著证明梅氏书不可信。清代学者开始系统疏证,阎若璩作《<尚书>古文疏证》,姚际恒作《古文<尚书>通论》。通过这两位学者的论证,很多人都相信梅氏书是伪作。惠栋、崔述、程廷祚和丁晏等人对这种观点进行补充说明。五四运动后,以顾颉刚为首的“疑古派”将疑古思想发挥到极致,甚至怀疑今文《尚书》的真伪。自七十年代以来出土了大量简帛书籍,一些学者开始冲破疑古思想的束缚,重新审视梅氏古文《尚书》的真伪。在古文《尚书》的辨伪学史上,疑点主要集中在经文、篇目、作者、《孔传》等问题上,本文从这四个方面试图论明梅氏古文《尚书》经文源于孔壁古文。孔安国是古文《尚书》的最早传播者,根据史书记载,发现古文《尚书》有两种授受系统:一为家传;一为师传。这两种授受系统互相交织,形成了完整的授受谱系。研习古文《尚书》的学者在写作中经常引用古文《尚书》经文。郑玄是古文《尚书》的传人之一,孔颖达《尚书正义》中记载了郑氏所注篇目,三十四篇与今文相同,剩余二十四篇是“张霸之徒”伪造的。伪造的篇目和梅氏本二十五篇篇目存在差异,而以伪作为标准衡量梅氏本的方法是可笑的。很多学者指出皇甫谧、梅赜、王肃等人是古文《尚书》的作者,经过考察发现,这些人没有作伪的必要,也不具备作伪的可能。在梅赜献书前,郭璞注解《尔雅》时引用《孔传》,所以《孔传》也并非伪作。梅氏本《古文尚书》不伪并非妄自空谈,而是证据确凿。新观点对今后中国上古史的研究有非常重要的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shangshu is the most important literature for studying the Pre-Qin history, it was the government files which were charged by the historiographers of Xia, Shang and Zhou. After continuous selection, some typical files had been compiled and passed down in an extremely protracted historical process. Shangshu make up of these files. Each school of thought established their own theories basing on Shangshu in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods of China. Confucius, founder of the Confucian school of thought, edited Shangshu and writtened the Preface which was referenced by Sima Qian in Shiji.The first emperor of China decreeded the edict of burning the Specific book, Shangshu became the focus for burning. Late in the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu setted fire to Xian Yang, Shangshu Suffered bad luck once again. Han Huidi abolished the edict and asked for books to the world wide. Since then Fu Sheng, Kong Anguo, Xianwang-Hejian, and Zhang Ba all dedicated their Shangshu. Zhang Ba’s was unmasked the fake book at that time, but coming down in civil. Xianwang-Hejian’s didn’t have much influence. Fu Sheng’s had been founded as Xueguan since it came bake in the whole of the Han dynasty. Kong Anguo’s coming from the walls of the house of Confucius, had sixteen articles in excess of the Fu Sheng’s. Liu Xin advocated founding guwen Shangshu as Xueguan, but the Jinwen scholars held opposite opinions, until the Xin dynasty established, the advocation was adopted. Fu Sheng’s was estabilished again after the East Han Dynasty. Another guwen Shangshu owned by Du Lin appeared at this time, Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan even other people make notes for Du Lin’s. Guwen Shangshu gradually developed. China began the long separation of power and endless change of the regime since late in East Han dynasty. The chaos of Dong Zhuo and Yongjia destroyed a large number of books, Shangshu disappeared. In the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Mei Ze dedicated the book which was noted by Kong Anguo living in the western Han dynasty, this book was established Xuguan finally.Wu Yu who is a scholar of Song dynasty doubted the authenticity of Mei Ze’s for the first time by the difficulty level of language, Zhu Xi also doubted by the same reason. Under their suspected spirits, Mei Zhuo proved it could not be trusted by writing monographs in Ming dynasty. The scholars of the Qing Dynasty began systemic demonstrations, Yan Ruoqu wrote The Demonstration of guwen Shangshu, Yao Jiheng wrote The General Demonstration of guwen Shangshu. Because these two monographs, many more scholars believed that the book was a pseudograph. Hui Dong, Cui Shu, Cheng Tingzuo, Ding Yan and someone else’s complemented the other proofs. After May Fourth Movement, the skepticism of antiquity represented by Gu Jiegang played the mind ultimately, they even doubted the authenticity of jinwen Shangshu. There had been unearthed a large number of bamboo slips and silk manuscripts since the seventies of last century. Some scholars began to break through the shackles of the skepticism ideology and re-examined its authenticity. In the history of discusing its authenticity, the suspicion mainly concentrates on scriptures, table of contents, author, Kongzhuan and other issues. This article try to prove that Mei Ze’s origins from Kong Anguo’s in four aspects. Kong Anguo is the earliest disseminator.There exeists two systems, one is the kaden, the other is the jugyou. The two systems are intertwined with each other to form a complete pedigree of transmit. The scholars frequently cited the scriptures of the book. Zheng Xuan is the one of many successors. According to Kong Yingda’s Shangshu Zhengyi, we can know that thirty-four articles from Zheng Xuan’s table are same compared with Fu Sheng’s, twenty-four are falsified by one for the same class of Zhang Ba. It’s meaningless for comparing between truth and falsehood. Many scholars think the author may be Huang Fumi, Mei Ze, Wang Su or others. By observing and studying, we can find that these people are neither necessary nor possible to forge. After the book recurred, Guo Pu cited the Kongzhuan, so it’s not pseudograph.This book isn’t pseudograph. This conclusion doesn’t cook up, but is evidence. New ideas have very important significance for study the history of ancient china in future.更多还原