【作者】 李改英；

【导师】 高腾云；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 动物营养与饲料科学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本文研究了不同淋雨模式对苜蓿霉菌生长规律、苜蓿品质的影响及二丙酸氨对苜蓿霉变的抑制效果和添加不同糖蜜与农副产品对苜蓿青贮品质、发酵进程的影响以及糖蜜和苜蓿混贮饲料对奶牛的饲喂效果。试验Ⅰ淋雨对苜蓿霉变的影响及二丙酸铵抑制苜蓿霉变效果的研究选用晾晒至半干的苜蓿,分别设对照组、试验1组(淋雨1次)、试验2组(连续淋雨2次)、试验3组(间隔淋雨3次)、试验4组(连续淋雨4次),研究不同淋雨模式对苜蓿霉菌的生长规律以及其品质的影响,同时另选试验2组作对照,研究添加不同含量二丙酸铵(0.3%、0.75%、1.5%)的复合防霉剂对连续2次淋雨后苜蓿霉变的抑制效果。结果表明:(1)淋雨后霉菌以2次曲线形式繁殖,连续淋雨2次和间隔1天淋雨3次检测到了大量的霉菌繁殖,淋雨1次和连续淋雨4次霉菌数量相对较少;粗蛋白质含量没有显著变化(P＞0.05),但无论淋雨次数多少,均造成苜蓿粗脂肪、可溶性糖分含量的下降,其中淋雨1次和连续淋雨2次下降缓慢,间隔淋雨3次和连续淋雨4次下降严重:淋雨次数增加后,总氨基酸和其中13种氨基酸与对照组比均为下降且差异显著(P＜0.05)。(2)二丙酸铵可有效抑制霉菌的生长及苜蓿中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、可溶性糖分和氨基酸的分解。对照组和0.3%添加量组均检测到霉菌生长,其它2组未检测到霉菌:粗蛋白质含量没有显著性变化(p＞0.05),添加防霉剂减少了粗脂肪下降的幅度;可溶性糖分含量也呈下降趋势,在前期均为试验组高于对照组,在后期则达到一致;苜蓿中总氨基酸和其中10种氨基酸含量随二丙酸铵的添量增加呈升高趋势且与对照组差异显著(p＜0.05)。试验Ⅱ添加糖蜜和农副产品对苜蓿青贮品质的影响针对苜蓿难青贮的特性和青贮需要的条件,采用添加不同量的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)和相同量的农副产品(10%稻草、10%麸皮、10%米糠)对苜蓿进行青贮。结果表明,添加糖蜜后显著的提高了青贮饲料的品质,其粗蛋白质(CP)含量升高,氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、氨态氮与总氮比值(NH3-N/TN)以及pH值均降低,乳酸含量升高,且与不加糖蜜的试验组差异极显著(P＜0.01),加糖后丙酸、丁酸含量降低,与不加糖蜜的试验差异显著(P＜0.05);两个添加糖蜜组的pH值以10%糖蜜添加量较低且差异极显著(P＜0.01),其它各项指标如CP、NH3-N、NH3-N/TN、pH和有机酸含量两组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);不同农副添加物之间,稻草的青贮效果较好,青贮饲料的粗蛋白质分解少,pH值低,乳酸含量高,添加麸皮则有明显的粘连结块现象;如果糖分足够高水分苜蓿单一青贮也是可行的。试验Ⅲ不同的糖蜜添加量对紫花苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响研究了添加不同比例的糖蜜(0%、5%、10%)对麸皮调节水分的苜蓿青贮品质和发酵进程的影响。结果表明:添加糖蜜明显提高了青贮饲料的品质,缩短了青贮时间。青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮、氨态氮和总氮的比值均为试验Ⅰ组(0%)＞试验Ⅱ组(5%)＞试验Ⅲ组(10%):重量损失变化有波动,但7天后试验Ⅲ组始终最低;随着时间的延长,3个组的pH值、可溶性糖分均呈下降趋势,氨态氮与总氮的比值、重量损失均呈上升趋势,粗蛋白(CP)则是先降后升的变化规律;综合感官变化,试验Ⅲ组变化最快,青贮发酵时间最短,试验Ⅰ组青贮发酵时间最长,青贮品质较差。试验Ⅳ苜蓿青贮饲料对奶牛的饲喂效果选择14头泌乳中后期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,各组奶牛产奶量、体重、胎次、泌乳天数均无显著差异,研究以苜蓿青贮替代相同干物质量(DM)的苜蓿干草对奶牛的饲喂效果,同时不同时期的苜蓿青贮料进行品质评定。试验结果:(1)在试验后期发生了美拉德反应,美拉德反应严重破坏了苜蓿青贮饲料的营养价值,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和可溶性糖分含量降低且均与青贮原料和正常的青贮料差异显著(P＜0.05)。苜蓿青贮后酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)变化不显著,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为下降趋势,发生美拉德反应后ADF和NDF均为升高的趋势。17种氨基酸的含量在青贮前期变化不显著(P＞0.05),发生美拉德反应后14种氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均为降低趋势,其中以赖氨酸降幅最大(77%)。(2)饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量、日产奶量和乳脂率,但差异不显著;此外饲喂苜蓿青贮可以提高经济效益,苜蓿青贮替代苜蓿干草后,在试验后期试验组UUN高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05)。酶含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著(P＞0.05)。血浆中总蛋白(ALB)和葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三脂含量两组差异不显著(P＞0.05);胆固醇的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低。总之由于美拉德反应的发生,降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在体内的代谢利用效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 The objective of this study was to research the effect of Different Rainy Pattern to the Mildew Growth Laws,the Quality of Alfalfa and the Inhibition Effect of 2- Propionic Acid Ammonium to the Mildew of Alfalfa and Influence of Molasses and Agro-byproducts Additives on the Quality of Alfalfa Silage and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage as well as the mix-silage to the feeding effect of diary cows.Experiment 1:Damp-dry alfalfa was selected to study the different rainy pattern to the mildew growth laws and the quality of alfalfa.The alfalfa was respectively assigned control group, group1（raining one time）,group 2（raining two times continuously）,group 3（raining three times every other day）,group 4（raining four times continuously）.At the same time,group 2 was selected to study different content of 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium（0.3%、0.75%、1.5%） to the mildewy alfalfa.Results showed:（1） the mildew reproduced quickly as a conic,and plenty of mildew were found for group 2 as well as group 3,while,mildew was less relatively for the group 1 and group 4;The content of crude protein（CP） had no significant change（P＞0.05）,but no matter what times of raining,the content of crude fat（CF） and soluble sugar（SS） were also downtrend, which declined slowly for the group 1 as well as group 2 and rapidly for the other two groups; with raining times increasing,the total amino acid and 13 of 17 kinds amino acid were dropping trends and there was notable difference compared with control group（P＜0.05）.（2） 2-hydroxy propionate could effectively control the growth of mildew and the decomposability of crude protein（CP）,crude fat（CF）,soluble sugar（SS） and amino acid（AA） of alfalfa.The growth of mildew was found in the control group and group of 0.3%mildew inhibitor,while no mildew appeared in other two groups;the content of crude protein had no significant change（P＞0.05）,but the content of crude fat presented obvious downtrends and the decreasing extent was reduced because of mildew inhibitor;the content of soluble sugar was experiment groups＞control group in early experiment period and it reached the same level in later period;the content of total amino acid as well as 10 of 17 kinds of amino acid were improved after adding 2-hydroxy propionate ammonium and there was remarkable difference between experiment groups and the control group（P＜0.05）.Experiment 2:Aiming at the difficult silaging characteristics of alfalfa and the needed conditions for silaging,alfalfa was ensiled by adding different proportion molasses（0%、5%、10%） and the same proportion agro-byproducts,including straw、bran and rice bran.Results showed that the effects of alfalfa silage were impruved much after added molasses,there were most significant difference between the adding molasses group and no molasses group for the content of CP、NH₃-N、NH₃-N/TN、pH value and lactic acid（P＜0.01） and the difference was marked（P＜0.05） for propionic acid and butyric acid content compared with the no molasses group（0%）;there was most significantly difference for the pH value between the two molasses groups（P＜0.01）,but for CP、NH₃-N、NH₃-N/TN、pH value and organic acid content,there was no difference between the two molasses groups（P＞0.05）;for the different agro-byproducts additives,the silaging effect for adding straw was better,because the CP was decompounded comparatively fewer and the pH value was lower as well as the higher butyric acid content compared with other treatments,while,the treatments of adding bran appeared conglutination and agglomeration;by adding enough molasses,the high moisture alfalfa silage was also feasible.Experiment 4:The Effects of Adding Different Level Molasses on Alfalfa Silage Quality and Fermentation ProgressExperiment 3:The objective of this study was to investigate the effects with adding different proportion molasses（0%,5%,10%）on the quality and fermentation progress of alfalfa silage. Results from the experiments showed that:the silage quality which was added to molasses,was observably improved,and the silage time was also shortened much.The pH、ammonia-N and the ratio of ammonia-nitrogen and total nitrogen were all groupⅠ（0%）＞groupⅡ（5%）＞groupⅢ（10%）;The weight loss varied irregularly,but after 7 days,groupⅢwas always the lowest; With the time prolonging,pH and soluble sugar of the three groups were all declined;at the same time,the ratio of ammonia-N/total N、the losing weight were ascending,but the crude protein was dropping first and then rising;Considering the sense evaluation,groupⅢduring the silage progress changed fast,the silage time was the shortest and the quality was the best,while groupⅠwas the worst.Experiment 4:Fourteen heads of medium-later-term lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups and no significant difference was existed for milk yield,body weigh,parity,and milk days among groups,To study the feeding effect of alfalfa silage instead of the same DM%alfalfa hay, at the same time,selecting different times of alfalfa silage to study the alfalfa silage quality. Results showed:（1） in the later period time,maillard reaction taken places,maillard reaction seriously destroyed the nutrition value of alfalfa silage and the difference was notable for the content of crude protein（CP）、crude fat（CF） and soluble sugar（SS） compared with the silage material and the good alfalfa silage（p＜0.05）,after alfalfa was ensilaged,the change of ADF was not prominent,and the percent of NDF was downtrend,when maillard reaction taking place,the content of ADF and NDF were both rising,the change of 17 kinds of amino acid was not prominent in the silage prophase（p＞0.05）,after maillard reaction taking place,14 kinds of amino acid and total amino acid were all reducing trend,and the dropping extent of Lysine was the most（77%）.（2）it was propitious to improve DMI,milk yield and milk fat with alfalfa silage instead of the same,but the difference was not prominent（p＞0.05）,In addition,greater profit could be obtained with alfalfa silage instead of alfalfa hay to feed diary cows.In later experiment, the content of UUN was experiment group more than control group and the difference was notable（P＜0.05）,the content of ALT、AST and ALP were all more than control group compared with experiment group,but there was no marked difference（P＞0.05）.for the content ALB、GLU and TG,the difference was not prominent（P＞0.05）;while the content of CHO for experiment group was gradually going up and the content of control group was reducing trend,the difference was most in trial anaphase.In a word because of Maillard Reaction,the effect of metabolism and utilization of alfalfa silage was reduced.更多还原