【作者】 段斌；

【导师】 赵全志； 宋世枝；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 作物， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 粮食的可持续发展和安全问题是国家发展与安全战略的重要组成部分,历来为世界各国政府所重视。中国是农业大国,农业和粮食是关系到人民生活、经济发展和社会安定的根本问题。水稻是我国第一大粮食作物,稻米是我国人民赖以生存的主食。据统计,在中国65%以上的人口以稻米为主食,中国是世界上最大的稻米生产国和消费国,其稻作面积和稻谷总产量分别占全世界的23%和37%。21世纪,我国人口仍将不断增长,随着人们生活水平的不断提高和经济的持续发展,对粮食的需求也随之增长。水稻生产不仅担负着确保我国粮食安全的重任,而且肩负着实现种粮增效、稻农增收和全面推进新农村建设的重大使命,也是新时期我国农业和农村经济发展的中心任务之一,因此水稻总产的稳定增长对保障食物安全起着至关重要的基础作用。近年来,随着城乡居民收入的提高,人们生活水平逐步改善,大多数人已不单单停留在“吃饱”的问题上,还要求“吃好”,这样,提高稻谷产量、改善稻米品质的问题就成了育种专家和栽培专家致力追求的目标。信阳市是河南省的农业大市,农业是信阳市的基础产业和优势产业。水稻是信阳市的主要粮食作物,常年种植面积在40万公顷左右,约占全省稻作面积的70%,品种类型以一季中籼稻为主,水稻生产在信阳国民收入中占据着重要地位。“十一五”期间国家提出了建设社会主义新农村的工作目标,促进农民增收是社会主义新农村建设的一项重要内容,农业的增产、增收仍是农民增加收入的一条重要渠道。而水稻作为信阳市的传统和优势产业,是种植业收入的主要来源。但目前信阳市水稻生产处于徘徊状态,单产水平一直没有新的突破,且稻米品质差,稻农种稻收入低。因此,发展粳稻生产一直被认为是信阳乃至整个豫南稻区提高水稻产量水平和改善稻米品质的最有效途径。本研究通过对相邻省份的部分粳稻品种进行播期适宜性研究,为豫南稻区“籼改粳”高产优质栽培技术提供理论依据,对实现豫南水稻生产的“高产、优质、高效、生态、安全”具有重要意义。在自然条件下对部分品种进行分期播种试验,对参试品种的生育期、单株产量、产量结构的变化,利用主权可加效应数学模型(AMMI数学)进行分析,试验分析结果为:1、在自然条件下,随着播种期的推迟,参试粳稻生育期均有不同程度的变化。从AMMI数学模型来看,播期效应比品种效应要大。随着播种期推迟,品种生育期缩短,其中86优8号缩短最多,其次为武香粳14、武粳15、镇稻2号,津稻1007、豫粳6号缩短最少。武粳15生育期在4月25日、4月30日这个播期适应性特殊,武香粳14、武运粳7号、86优8号、津稻1007、豫粳6号、郑稻18、郑稻2号分别在4月30日、5月25日、4月25日、5月30日、5月30日、5月5日和5月5日播期有特殊的适应性。2、从单株产量平均值来看,在5月20日之前播种,单株产量变化不大。武粳15、武香粳14、镇稻2号这三个品种单株产量较稳定;而豫粳6号、武运粳7号、津稻1007这三个品种单株产量稳定性差,变化较大;武香粳14、镇稻2号在播期5月10日、5月5日有较大的正的交互作用,播期5月5日和5月10日的IPCA1值最大,该二个播种期和所有参试品种的交互作用值均较大;武粳15在5月15日、武香粳14在5月25日,武粳7号、86优8号在5月20日,津稻1007、豫粳6号在6月9日,郑稻18在5月15日,镇稻2号在5月5日等,它们分别在各自特定的这一播种期上单株产量有特殊的适应性。3、长生育期品种播种期适应性相对较小,短生育期品种播种期范围相对较宽。其中长生育期品种武粳15、武运粳7号等适宜播种期一般在5月20日以前,抽穗期在9月上旬,10月中下旬成熟,播期过晚,抽穗期延迟,往往导致不能正常成熟;比武粳15生育期稍短的武香粳14、郑稻18等品种其播种期范围在6月上旬以前均可,而短生育期品种如津稻1007、豫粳6号等适宜播种期从4月底至6月14日以前均可。4、根据试验结果确定参试品种的最佳播种期分别为:武粳15:5月5日,武香粳14, 5月25日,武运粳7号: 5月10日,86优8号: 5月10日,津稻1007、豫粳6号、郑稻18: 5月30日,镇稻2号: 5月15日。5、根据品种最佳播种期范围,确定在豫南稻区不同茬口可选择利用的品种为:冬闲田、紫云英茬、油菜茬可利用如武粳15、武运粳7号等生育期较长、适宜播种期范围较窄的品种;小麦茬种植利用的品种为生育期相对较短、播种期适应性相对较宽的品种,如武香粳14、镇稻2号等;早春高效经济作物茬口如早西瓜,可选择生育较短的品种,如津稻1007、豫粳6号等。更多还原

【Abstract】 The sustainable development and security issues of food are important part of the country development and security strategy. These have always been regarded as the important thing by every government in the world. China is a large agricultural country, agriculture and food are fundamental problem which are related to people’s lives、economic development and social stability. Rice is the first major food crops; rice is the main food on which people depend and 65% of people eat rice as their main food. China is the largest rice producing and consuming countries in the world. China’s total rice area and rice yield accounted for 23% and 37% of the worlds, respectively. In the 21st century, China’s population will grow gradually. With the continuous improvement of people’s living standards and sustained economic development, the demand for food increases. Rice production is not only responsible for ensuring food security and achieving good-seeds increasing effective and rice farmers increasing incomes and promoting a new countryside construction comprehensively, but also a central task of China’s agricultural and rural economic development in new stage. So the steady growth of total rice production will play a fundamental role in ensuring food security.In recent years, with urban and rural incomes increasing, people’s living standards increase gradually. The problem is not just“eating-full”, but also“eating-well”. Therefore,it is a goal which the breeding and cultivation experts pursue that increasing production and improving the quality of rice.In Henan province, the city of Xinyang is a big agriculture city and agriculture is the basic and dominating industry in Xinyang. Rice is the main food crops in Xinyang city, the planting area is about 6 million which accounts for a rice area of 70% of whole province. The single season indica rice is the dominant variety. Rice production occupies an important status in Xinyang. During the stage of "Eleventh Five-Year", the country made a new socialist countryside construction aim and promoting farmers to increase incomes was an important element in new socialist countryside construction. In Xinyang increasing agriculture production is an important channel of increasing farmers’incomes. Rice is a dominant industry of Xinyang city, the farmers’income source of the main planting industry come from rice. However, rice production in Xinyang city is around the state, yield level has not been a new breakthrough. Besides, the quality of rice is very bad, so the farmers’incomes are very low. It is thought that developing japonica rice production has been most effective way that improve rice production and quality in Xinyang even the south of Henan province. Through the research on the suitable sowing period of japonica rice in the adjacent provinces, the theoretical basis was provided with "indica to japonica" high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology in south of Henan. It is great significance for achieving "high-yield、high-quality、high- efficient、ecological、security " of rice production in the south of Henan.Under natural conditions, some species was planted in different sowing time. Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model (AMMI model) was used to analyze the tested varieties’changes in the growing period、yield per plant、the changes in yield structure. The results were as followed:1. Under natural conditions, with the sowing time delayed, the growing period of tested japonica rice changed in different levels. From the AMMI model, we can conclude that compared with the effects of the varieties, the effects of sowing time showed larger. With the sowing time delayed, the growing period of the varieties were shortened. Among them, 86 you 8hao was shorten most; followed by wuxiangjing14、wujing15、zhendao2hao、Jindao1007; Yujing6hao shorten least. The growing period adaptation of the growing period wujing15 was special in April 25 and April 30; the special growing period adaptation of wuxiangjing14、wuyunjing7hao、86 you 8hao、jindao1007、yujing6hao、zhengdao18、Zhendao2 appeared April 30、May 25、April 25、May 30、May 30、May 5、May 5,respectively.2. From the average yield per plant, the yield per plant changes little if sowing before May 20, the changes great if sowing after May 20. The yield per plant of three species wujing15、wuxiangjing14、zhendao2hao were stable, but The yield stability per plant of three varieties yujing6hao、wuyunjing7hao、jindao1007 were bad. There was big positively interaction between wuyujing14 and zhendao2hao in the sowing time May 10 and May 5; The IPCA1 value of sowing time May 5 and May 10 was largest, the interaction value among the two sowing times and all the tested varieties was large. The yield per plant of yujing15、wuxiangjing14、yujing7、86you8hao、jindao1007、yujing6hao、zhengdao18、zhendao2hao had a special adaptation to the sowing time May 15、May 25、May 20、May 20、June 9、June 9、May 15、May 5,respectively.3. Long growing period species had relatively small adaptation to sowing time; the sowing time of short growing period species was relatively wide range. The appropriate sowing period of long growing period specie like wujing15、wuyunjing7hao.and so on was before May 20, heading stage in early September, maturating in mid and late October; If the sowing time was too late, the heading period was delayed, abnormal maturation was caused. Compared with wujing15, the shorter growth period of wuxiangjing14、zhengdao18 and so on could be sowed in early June. However, the appropriate sowing time of short growing period species such as jindao1007、yujing6hao and so on ranged from late April to before June 14.4. According to test results, optimum sowing times of tested varieties were chosen as followed: wujing15: before or after May 5; wuxiangjing14: before or after May 25; wuyunjing7hao: before or after May 10; 86you8hao: before or after May 10; jindao1007、yujing6hao、zhengdao18: before or after May 30; zhendao2hao: before or after May 15.5. According to the ranges of the optimum sowing times of the varieties, the available varieties in the south of Henan province were selected as followed: winter fallow fields、astragali crop、rape crop could make use of varieties such as wujing15、wuyunjing7hao which had long growing period and narrow range of appropriate sowing time; wheat stubble could make use of varieties such as wuxiangjing14、zhendao2hao which had relatively short growing period and a relatively wide range of sowing time adaptation ; Efficient economy crop in early spring such as watermelon could make use of varieties such as jindao1007、yujing6hao which had short growing period.更多还原