【作者】 胡知渊；

【导师】 鲍毅新；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 生态学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 底栖动物是湿地生态系统中的一个重要组成部分,在物质循环和能量流动中起着承上启下的作用。其群落结构能反映出底质条件、水质状况、水温等非生物因子以及植被、物种间的影响、捕食压力等生物因子的情况。本文在综述中概括了底栖动物的概念、生活型和功能群的划分,探讨了底栖动物群落生态学研究的特点及目前我国底栖动物的研究重点和主要研究成果,重点讨论了底栖动物群落分布的时空差异、底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系以及底栖动物的生物指示作用,并展望了底栖动物研究的未来发展趋势。为了研究生境干扰对大型底栖动物群落的影响,本文以列入中国重要湿地名录的温州灵昆东滩湿地为研究基地,通过2005年11月至2007年11月取样调查,分析了围垦滩涂潮沟秋季大型底栖动物群落和生态位,比较了围垦区内外滩涂湿地大型底栖动物多样性、功能群及季节变化,并对互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵过程中大型底栖动物群落生态学进行了研究。主要结果如下:(1)2005年11月,在浙江温州灵昆东滩湿地选取了3个不同年份围垦的潮沟断面,进行了潮沟秋季大型底栖动物群落和物种生态位研究。结果如下:共发现大型底栖动物31种,隶属于6门7纲19科,主要是软体动物腹足类和瓣鳃类、节肢动物甲壳类和环节动物的多毛类。在潮沟的不同生境即草滩(GF)、边滩(BaC)和潮沟底(BoC),物种的组成和数量有所不同,草滩发现的大型底栖动物为16种,边滩21种,潮沟底13种。3个不同生境大型底栖动物的群落结构和种群生活型表现出一定的差异性,反映了潮沟中各生境大型底栖动物随着环境因子梯度变化而呈现出有规律的变化。总体上,生物多样性的大小顺序为Margalef物种多样性指数S:BaC＞BoC＞GF;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’:BaC＞Boc＞GF:Pielou均匀度指数J:BoC＞BaC＞GF;Simpson优势度指数D:GF＞BaC＞BoC。对定量取样中获得的20个物种进行了生态位宽度、生态位重叠值分析,结果表明物种生态位宽度、物种之间的生态位重叠值与物种的分布及数量密切相关,反映了物种对各种生境资源的利用能力的强弱,以及对环境的适应性,并结合系统聚类和非度量多维标度2维排序分析将这些生物分成一定类群。(2)在灵昆岛东滩湿地选择了1997年围垦区以及围垦区外的自然滩涂作为样地,于2006年2月至2006年11月开展了围垦区内外滩涂湿地大型底栖动物多样性比较的调查研究。分析了围垦区内和自然滩涂上大型底栖动物群落结构的差异,并探讨了造成差异的原因。主要研究结果如下:共发现大型底栖动物36种,隶属7门8纲22科,这些物种中软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物共占物种总数的83.33%。其中在围垦区内的4个样点共发现大型底栖动物27种,在自然滩涂上的4个样点共发现大型底栖动物32种。同时通过对定量取样得到的各群落大型底栖动物密度数据进行计算,得到了各种大型底栖动物的生态位宽度和围垦区内外不同生境的大型底栖动物群落生物多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner指数H′、Pielou指数J、Simpson指数D),结果显示围垦区内的光滩(A2)和边滩(A3)以及自然滩涂上的高潮带(B2)和中潮带(B3)滩涂的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H′较高,Simpson优势度指数D则相对较低,表明了这些位点的大型底栖动物的多样性程度较高,而长满互花米草的位点(A1)和(B1)的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H′和Pielou均匀度指数J都要小于受潮水作用相似的邻近滩涂,Simpson优势度指数D却相对较高,这表明了互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)入侵已改变了原来的大型底栖动物群落结构。同时运用相似度指数Jc、成对t检验以及聚类和排序等多种统计学方法对围垦区内和自然滩涂上的各个位点进、行了群落相似性分析,结果表明潮位是影响自然滩涂上大型底栖动物分布的一个重要因素,不同潮位之间的大型底栖动物群落差异比较明显。相对而言,围垦区内各生境之间的大型底栖动物群落分化程度较低,使得潮位因素对大型底栖动物的分布的影响降低。(3)在灵昆岛东滩湿地选择1997年围垦区以及围垦区外的自然滩涂作为样地,开展围垦区内、外大型底栖动物季节变化和功能群比较的研究。分析围垦内、外大型底栖动物功能群组成的差异,并探讨造成差异的原因。主要研究结果如下:本次调查共发现大型底栖动物36种,在围垦区外的中潮带发现的物种数量最多,为26种。在这些物种中,占绝大多数的是软体动物(12种),节肢动物甲壳纲种类(13种)以及环节动物门的沙蚕类(5种),分别为总物种数的33.3%、36.1%、13.9%。定量调查共发现大型底栖动物24种。利用取样得到的数据,分别对围垦区内、外的密度、物种数以及各站点不同季节的物种多样性指数Margalef S、Shannon-weiner H′、PielouJ、Simpson D进行站点—季节间无重复双因素方差分析,并对大型底栖动物进行了功能群划分及多元统计分析。结果表明围垦区内、外滩涂湿地大型底栖动物群落结构和功能群组成存在一定的差别;生境与大型底栖动物功能群的组成结构有一定的关系;围垦区内大型底栖动物的群落结构和功能群组成的季节变化大于围垦区外的自然滩涂。(4)2006-2007年在灵昆东滩湿地选择了不同入侵程度互花米草滩地作为样地,以高潮带和中潮带的光滩作为对照,进行了大型底栖动物群落对互花米草入侵过程响应的研究,分析了互花米草入侵过程中滩涂湿地大型底栖动物的群落结构和季节变化。本次调查共发现大型底栖动物29种,隶属7门8纲21科,其中定量取样得到大型底栖动物为26种,物种数最多的类群为甲壳纲,而个体数最多的类群为腹足纲动物。同时利用取样得到的数据进行样地—季节间无重复双因素方差分析各位点不同季节的物种多样性指数(Margalef S、Shannon-weiner H′),结果表明2种生物多样性指数在季节间和各样地间都达到了显著或极显著水平上的差异,说明互花米草入侵后生境中大型底栖动物群落在一定程度上与周围的光滩生境有了分化,并具有一定的季节动态。通过种间欧氏距离统计结果对各群落进行系统聚类分析和物种非度量多维标度排序后发现,成熟草滩上的大型底栖动物群落与其他生境差异较大,初期草滩上的大型底栖动物群落与其附近高潮带上的大型底栖动物群落结构比较接近,而中期草滩界于2者之间,说明了不同入侵程度的互花米草会对大型底栖动物群落结构产生不同的影响。在总体上,无论从物种数,大型底栖动物群落密度还是生物多样性指数来看,成熟草滩的群落数据相对都较小,这说明,互花米草的成功入侵,特别是大面积的连片之后,会对当地的大型底栖动物群落产生一定的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zoobenthos play an important part in wetland ecosystem and its community structure can reflect the conditions of bottom sediment, water quality, water temperature and some other biological factors. The research on the concept of zoobenthos and the function of zoobenthos in natural wetlands ecosystem were overviewed in this paper. Features of zoobenthos community ecology research, methods and some results (such as the difference disturbance of zoobenthos, the relationship with environmental factors and bio-indicators of water health) were summarized. Authors made several suggestions on the principal aspects of further strengthening and promoting ecological researches on the Zoobenthos in China.With development of human activity such as reclamation and the process of biological invasion, habitat disturbance has strong effect on the macrobenthic community. In order to research the impact and effect of habitat disturbance on macrobenthic community, we studied at Lingkun Island, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province during Nov. 2005 to Nov. 2006. Based on the data collected, the macrobenthic community and niche analysis of creek at autumn in diked tidal flat, biodiversity comparison of macrobenthic community in diked tidal flat and natural tidal flat, seasonal variation and functional groups of macrobenthic communities at diked and natural tidal flat and the ecological impact of introduced Spartina alterniflora invasion on macrobenthic communities were analyzed in this paper. The main results were as follows:(1) In Nov. 2005, the macrobenthic community and niche analysis at creeks in three diked tidal flats were studied at Lingkun Island, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The result showed: Altogether 31 species belonging to 19 families, 7 classes and 6 phyla were collected, most of which were gastropoda, lamellibranchia, crustacea and polychaeta. In the different habitats of the creeks (the grass flat, the bank of creek and the bottom of the creek), the composition and abundance of the macrobenthic were different from one other. There were 16 species in the grass flat, 21 species in the bank of the creek and 13 species at the bottom of creek. The macrobenthic structure and life forms of the creeks were different in these three habitats, and showed that the creeks were changed regularly with the environment factors. In general, the Margalef’s species diversity index: BaC > BoC > GF; the Shannon-Wiener’s index: BaC > Boc > GF; the Pielou’s index: BoC > BaC > GF; the Simpson’s index: GF > BaC > BoC. The analysis of the niche breadth and niche overlap showed that these two were closed related to the distribution and density of the species, which revealed that the niche breadth and the niche overlaps reflect the species distribution, the abundance and the species ability of utilizing the environmental resource. Combined with the data of the four times extraction of the density of macrobenthic species, using the Hierarchical Cluster of between-groups linkage method and the Non-matric Multidimentional Scaling method, these species could classify into some groups.(2) We addressed the influence of reclamation on community structure by comparing macrobenthic communities in a natural tidal flat and creek of a tidal flat diked in 1997. Sampling was conducted during Feb. to Nov. 2006 near Lingkun Island, Wenzhou Bay. Eight sampling plots (4 each in natural and diked systems) represented different macrobenthic habitats, including two invaded by Spartina alterniflora. In the investigation, a total of 36 species were found, belonging to 22 families, 8 classes, and 7 phyla, most of them being arthropods, mollusks and annelidas. Results indicate that after diking, species richness decreased and the composition of species also had changed. There were 32 species in the natural tidal flat, but only 27 macrobenthic species could be found in the diked tidal flat. The species composition of various macrobenthic communities, life groups and life forms on species of the macrobenthic community in various habitats, the density characters of quantitative sampling exhibited the structure of macrobenthic communities were highly related to the condition of habitats. The niche breadths of the macrobenthos species and biodiversity indices were also analyzed in the paper. Shannon-Weiner index H’ was much higher in 2(high tide level and middle tide level) of the 4 habitats within in diked and natural tidal flats. Plots with Spartina alterniflora exhibited lower H’ and J than other plots nearby which were unvegetated and similarly influenced by tidewater. Thus, invasion by Spartina alterniflora has already influenced and changed the macrobenthic community in these habitats. The similarity index Jc, paired t-tests, the hierarchical cluster of between-groups linkage method and the Non-metric Multidimentional Scaling (MDS) method reveal that the influence of tidal level on macrobenthos distribution is much stronger in the natural flat than in the diked tidal flat.(3) We addressed the influence of reclamation on seasonal variation of community structure and functional groups by comparing macrobenthic communities in a natural tidal flat and creek of a tidal flat diked in 1997. Sampling was conducted during Feb. to Nov. 2006 near Lingkun Island, Wenzhou Bay. Eight sampling plots (4 each in natural and diked systems) represented different macrobenthic habitats, including two invaded by Spartina alterniflora. In the investigation, a total of 36 species were found, including 24 species found in quantitative sampling, belonging to 22 families, 8 classes, and 7 phyla, most of them being arthropods(13 species), mollusks(12 species) and annelidas(5 species). Based on the data collected, the Two-way ANOVA analyze between season and tide level on the density of macrobenthic communities, the number of species and the biodiversity indices(Margalef S, Pielou J, Simpson D) were analyzed in the paper. Results indicate that the structure of functional groups and communities were highly related to the condition of habitats. The number of species, the density of communities, Margalef S, and Shannon-weiner H’differ significantly among seasons in the diked tidal flat, and this result reveal that the influence of season variation on macrobenthos distribution is much stronger in the diked tidal flat than in the natural flat. Combined with the data of the four times extraction of the density of functional groups, using the Hierarchical Cluster of between-groups linkage method and the Non-matric Multidimentional Scaling method(MDS), these macrobenthic communities could classify into some groups. The communities in the diked tidal flat were different from these in the natural tidal flat which similarly influenced by tidewater.(4) During 2006 to 2007, the authors studied the macrobenthic community at east tidal flat of Lingkun Island, Wenzhou Bay. We addressed the influence of Spartina alterniflora invasion by comparing seasonal variation, biodiversity indices of different macrobenthic communties and using other analysis methods. Five sampling plots(TH, TM, G1, G2, G3) were set in the research places, three of them representative for different invasion level of Spartina alterniflora and the other two used to contrast. We found a total of 29 in the investigation, belonging to 21 families, 8 classes and 7 phyla, most of them being the arthropods and the mollusks. The result of Paired Samples T Test of Margalef’s species richness index S and Shannon-weiner’s index H showed that the difference had achieved to the distinct level among seasons and various plots. The value of biodiversity indices and the result of Hierarchical Cluster of between groups linkage method and Non-matric Multidimentional Scaling method showed that the structure of G3 communtiy (completely invasion of Spartina alterniflora ) was obviously distinct from other plots and more simple , for the lowest value of S and H, less number of species and density. These results indicate the structure of macrobenthic community has changed by Spartina alterniflora successfully being invaded.更多还原