【作者】 王金荣；

【导师】 陈蜀江；

【作者基本信息】 新疆师范大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 草原在新疆整个国民经济和农牧民生产、生活中起着重要作用。目前新疆草地退化现象日趋严重。超载过牧和开荒造田是造成新疆草地退化的最主要原因。牲畜采食践踏路迹是反映草原生态恶化的最为直观的标志之一,是新疆山地草原最常见的景观,是动物采食过程中反复践踏所形成的最微小的地貌形态,它在一定程度上反映了动物采食习惯。以精河县小海子山地草原为研究对象,在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机,获取了4个典型样区的像控点三维空间坐标和立体像对。在室内运用ERDAS数字摄影系统进行立体量测,获取样区DEM及正射影像数据,从中提取样区地形地貌及其他信息,分析牲畜采食践踏路迹的形态特征,地貌重塑作用及其对生态的影响。经过初步研究得出以下结论:1.分析总结得出在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机获取样区像控点三维空间坐标和样区立体像对的方法。2.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹走向的分析,将精河县小海子山地草原内采食践踏路迹分为三种类型:平行状采食践踏路迹、斜交状采食践踏路迹和格网状采食践踏路迹。3.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹分布密度和分布宽度的分析得出,格网状采食践踏路迹的分布密度和宽度均大于平行及斜交状采食践踏路迹。4.通过对各样区植被覆盖度的分析得出,植被覆盖度随着采食践踏路迹的宽度、密度的增大而减少;格网状采食践踏路迹放牧程度大于斜交状采食践踏路迹,初步反映了各样区草原退化程度。5.根据各样区的剖面图分析得出斜交状采食践踏路迹样区的土壤侵蚀小于格网状采食践踏路迹的样区。6.利用立体量测获得的DEM数据,提取各样区的坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度和高程变异系数等地形因子,进行统计分析得出格网状采食践踏路迹样区地表破碎程度最高,说明格网状采食践踏路迹对地貌的改造作用最大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Grassland plays an important role in the entire national economy and production and daily life of farmers and herdsmen in Xinjiang.At present,grassland degradation of Xinjiang is becoming more and more serious.Overgrazing and farmland reclamationis the main reason of grassland degradation in Xinjiang.The track of livestock feeding and trampling is one of the most intuitive mark to reflect the deterioration of grassland ecology and is the commonest landscape of Xinjiang mountain grassland.It is the minorest geomorphological form by the formation of repeatedly trampling during the process of animals feeding,which reflects the feeding habits of animals to some extent.Studying the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county,we use Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points and stereoscopic image pairs of four typical sample districts.We use ERDAS digital photography system for stereoscopic measurement indoor and obtain DEM and orthoimage data from which we extract topography and other information of the sample districts,analyzing the morphological characteristics of the track of livestock feeding and trampling, the reshaping role of geomorphology and its impact on the ecology. After a preliminary study we come to the following conclusions:1.We analyze and summarize methods about using Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points of the sample districts and stereoscopic image pairs of the sample districts.2.Through analyzing the trend of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts,we divide the track of feeding and trampling in the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county into three types: parallel-shape feeding and trampling track、diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track and grid-shape feeding and trampling track.3.Through analyzing the distribution density and the distribution width of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts we conclude that the distribution density and width of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are greater than that of parallel-shape feeding and trampling track and that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track. 4.Through the analysis of vegetation coverage in the various sample districts we conclude that vegetation coverage will reduce as the width and density of feeding and trampling track increases; the grazing extent of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are larger than that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track, which initially reflects the degree of grassland degradation in the various sample districts.5.According to the analysis of profile in the various sample districts we conclude that the soil erosion in the sample districts of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track is samller than that in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track.6.Making use of the DEM data obtained from stereoscopic measurement ,we extract terrain factors in the various sample districts such as slope、aspect、relief amplitude、surface roughness and variance coefficient in elevation to analyze statistically and conclude that the extent of the surface broken is highest in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track, saying that grid-shape feeding and trampling track plays the largest role in transforming the geomorphology.更多还原