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今文《尚书》复合词研究
【作者】 嵇银宏；
【导师】 钱宗武；
【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2009， 硕士
【摘要】 古汉语词汇的研究具有悠久的历史,取得了许多辉煌的成果,尤其是在近三十年,国内语言学界对汉语词汇的研究进入了一个新的阶段。在传统语言学研究方法的基础上,学者们开始借鉴西方现代语言学的理论,构建现代汉语词汇学的理论体系,同时,古代汉语词汇的研究也全面展开。但是,相对于现代汉语而言,古代汉语词汇的研究还是比较薄弱的,而古汉语中复合词的研究则更为薄弱。今文《尚书》作为上古汉语重要的文献典籍之一,其内容比较全面系统地反映了商周时期的语言面貌,具有重要的语料价值。本文穷尽性地研究了今文《尚书》中的复合词,从语义和词性的角度对各种类型的复合词进行分析,总结出今文《尚书》复合词的特点,并对复合词的形成原因进行探讨,以冀为古汉语词汇的研究提供有价值的理论参考。论文共分为五部分。第一部分为“今文《尚书》复合词的界定标准”。概述前人关于复合词的界定方法,结合今文《尚书》语言自身的特点,提出从意义标准、结构标准、语法标准、修辞标准和文化标准等五个方面来界定今文《尚书》中的复合词。第二部分为“今文《尚书》并列复合词”。从语义角度分析今文《尚书》中的并列式复合词,包括语素义和语素义之间的关系、语素义和词义之间的关系两种情况。从词性角度考察今文《尚书》中的并列式复合词,主要有“名词+名词→名词”、“动词+动词→动词”、“形容词+形容词→形容词”、“名词+名词→动词”、“动词+动词→名词”和“形容词+动词→名词”等6种构词方式。今文《尚书》中的并列式复合词具有构词方式的多样化、词形的不稳定性以及词义的单一性等特点。第三部分为“今文《尚书》偏正复合词”。从语义的角度分析,偏正式复合词的正语素可以分为三类:即表示人、事或物的正语素,表示动作行为的正语素,表示性质、状态的正语素,其中以第一种正语素居多。从词性的角度分析今文《尚书》中的偏正式复合词,分为名词(682例)、动词(16例)、形容词(2例)和数词(9例)四类,其中名词的构词方式有11种之多,动词仅3种,形容词和数词各1种。今文《尚书》中偏正式复合词的正语素具有较强的构词能力,正语素的词性对偏正复合词的词性起着决定性的作用。第四部分为“今文《尚书》其它结构复合词”。分析动宾式复合词、主谓式复合词和动补式复合词的特点,并对今文《尚书》中是否存在主谓式复合词和动补式复合词作了分析和探讨,认为这两种结构的复合词是存在的。第五部分为“今文《尚书》复合词成因的探索”。认为今文《尚书》复合词的形成原因主要有:语义的抽象化、结构的紧缩化、构词的无限化、表义的精确化等。除此之外,可能还存在其它因素,诸如韵律、修辞、口语习惯等。这些因素共同造成汉语词汇的复音化现象。
【Abstract】 The study on ancient Chinese vocabulary has a long history, and many brilliant results have been achieved. Especially in the past three decades, domestic scholars’research on Chinese vocabulary has entered a new stage. On the basis of traditional research methods on linguistics, scholars begin to learn the theories of Western modern linguistics, construct theoretical system of Modern Chinese Lexicology. At the same time, study on ancient Chinese vocabulary has also had a comprehensive start. However, compared to modern Chinese, study on ancient Chinese vocabulary is relatively weak, especially the study on ancient Chinese compound words.As one of the important classics of ancient Chinese literature, Jinwen Shangshu comprehensively reflects the true language of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and has an important value of the corpus. We exhaustively study the compound words in Jinwen Shangshu, analyze various types of compound words from the points of semantic and the part of speech, sum up the characteristics of compound words in Jinwen Shangshu, and explore the formation reasons of the compound words to provide valuable theories for the study on ancient Chinese vocabulary.This thesis is divided into five chapters.The first chapter is“composite standard definition of compound words in Jinwen Shangshu". Briefly summing up our predecessors’approaches on the definition of compound words, combining with the characteristics of compound words in Jinwen Shangshu, we propose five standards (standard of significance, structural standard, grammatical standard, rhetoric standard and cultural standard) to define the compound words in Jinwen Shangshu.The second chapter is“side-by-side compound words of Jinwen Shangshu". Examining the side-by-side compound words in Jinwen Shangshu from the point of view of the semantics, we can get the relations between morphemes’meaning and morphemes’meaning and the relations between morphemes’meaning and words’meaning. From the point of part of speech, the side-by-side compound words in Jinwen Shangshu have six ways to form a word:“noun+noun→noun”、“verb+verb→verb”、“adjectives+adjectives→adjectives”、“noun+noun→verb”、“verb+verb→noun”、“adjectives+verb→noun”. The side-by-side compound words in Jinwen Shangshu have diversified methods to form words, morphological instability and unity on meaning.The third chapter is“modifier-head compound words in Jinwen Shangshu". From the perspective of semantic analysis, formal partial positive morpheme compound words can be divided into three categories: the first is for people, things or objects, the second is for movement behavior, the third is for the nature of the state, and mainly are the first category. From the perspective of part of speech, modifier-head compound words in Jinwen Shangshu can be divided into nouns(682), verbs(16), adjectives(2), and numerals(9). Terms of the formation of nouns have 11 kinds, verbs only three kinds, adjectives one kind and numeral one kind. The official compound morphemes of modifier-head compound words in Jinwen Shangshu have strong word-building capacity,and their part of speech plays a decisive role in that of modifier-head compound words.The fourth chapter is“other compound words of Jinwen Shangshu". Analyzing the characteristics of verb-object-type compound words, the main type that make up compound words and dynamic of compound words, and also analyzing and discussing the whether there are subject-predicate-type compound words and action-style compound words in Jinwen Shangshu, we believe that the two have indeed existed.The fifth chapter is“explore the causes of compound words other compound words in Jinwen Shangshu". The main reasons of formation of compound words are: the abstract semantics, the tight structure, the infinite formation, the precision of expressing the meaning and so on. In addition, other factors may also exist, such as rhythm, rhetoric, oral habits. These factors cause the phenomenon of polysyllabic words.