【作者】 王丹；

【导师】 李玉中；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 生态学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 施用氮肥是提高小麦产量、改善品质的主要措施之一,但氮肥的不合理施用也造成了利用率低,损失严重,污染环境等不良后果,因此合理运筹氮肥是提高氮肥利用率、增加产量、改善品质和减少污染的重要措施。本试验于2007-2008年间在中国农业科学院作物所昌平试验基地进行,以冬小麦CA 0178为材料,采用5因子4水平的正交试验设计,研究了不同处理下的土壤无机氮含量、土壤水分含量和生物量随生育期的动态变化规律,对水肥耦合对小麦产量和硝态氮的累积的影响进行分析,旨在探明最佳经济产量以及最佳水肥组合配比等基本参数,构建小麦施肥模型,提出兼顾小麦产量、品质、效益、生态、安全的水肥运筹方式,为小麦生产中的水肥合理调控提供理论依据。研究结果表明:1不同施氮量水平下的干物质重随生育期的变化,整体的变化趋势是在拔节孕穗期小麦的地上部干物质重高于灌浆期,这与冬小麦在拔节期后的分蘖减少有关,随后地上部干物质不断累积在成熟期达到最高。随着小麦的生长发育,对氮肥的利用并不是施入量越高越好,到了生育期的后期,高氮施入量处理的生物量反而比较低,而在适量施氮水平N2水平150kg/hm2和低氮水平N1水平75kg/hm2时的干物质重相对较高。2基于水肥组合对小麦产量的影响来说,5个因素对冬小麦产量均有影响,其中有机肥、氮肥、钾肥、灌水具有极显著差异;磷肥处理具有显著差异。经过极差分析和方差分析后得到的最优水肥组合为:A4B1C1D2E4即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量75 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。回归方程得到的最优水肥组合为: A4B1C4D2E4,即有机肥施入量12000 kg/hm2;氮肥施入量75 kg/hm2;磷肥施入量300 kg/hm2;钾肥施入量150 kg/hm2;灌水量3000 kg/hm2。3在以硝态氮累积为参考的指标下,施氮量是决定因素。硝态氮在0-100cm土层内的累积以N1水平最低,随施氮量而逐渐增加。其中以处理5,即A2B1C2D3E4为最优。4不同生育期土壤剖面中铵态氮含量变化较小,同一土层不同施氮水平或不同取样时期铵态氮含量均无显著差异。土壤中铵态氮一直维持在一个相对较低含量水平(1-8mg/kg),因此在根据土壤无机氮计算施肥量时可以忽略铵态氮的影响,主要考虑硝态氮的影响。5综合考虑硝态氮累积和产量两项指标,处理14即A4B2C3D1E4也具有相对较低的硝态氮含量和较高的产量,处理14与极差分析及方差分析得出的结果相似;处理13 A4B1C4D2E3与回归方程得出的结果相似,且灌水量较低。因此处理14、13也不失为最佳组合之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Application of nitrogen fertilizer is a main measurement to increase wheat production, to improve the quality of wheat, however, immoderate application of nitrogen fertilizer also resulted in a low utilization rate, environment pollution. So rational fertilization is the way to improve the nitrogen use efficiency, increase wheat yield and improve the quality of wheat. Rational fertilization is an important measure to reduce pollution. Field experiments were conducted at 2007-2008 in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changping crop test site. Used winter wheat CA 0178 as materials, and used of 54 level orthogonal experimental design to study soil inorganic nitrogen content, soil moisture content and biomass in different treatments in grow stage. Analyzing the combined effect of fertilizers and water on wheat yield and nitrate in order to find the best of economic output, as well as optimal treatment of fertilizers and water. Finally, the experiment trying to build wheat fertilization model for wheat production, wheat quality, benefit, ecology and safe operation of water and fertilizer, and also for reasonable regulation of water and fertilizers in wheat production. The results show that:1 NH4 +-N in soil profiles at different growth stages rarely change. There was no significant difference of NH4 +-N content in the same soil depth in different level of nitrogen or in different sampling stage. Soil NH4 +-N has been maintained at a relatively low level (1-8mg/kg), therefore the effect of NH4 +-N can be ignored when considering the recommended nitrogen fertilization.We mainly focus on the effect of NO3--N.2 Dry weights in different levels of nitrogen fertilizers change with the growing stages as: Above-ground dry weight in jointing stage is her than the milk stage, which has something to do with the reduced tillering wheat after jointing stage. Then the dry weight reached highest level at ripening stage. With the growth of wheat, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is not higher is better, the dry weight under high nitrogen level became relatively low by the late growing stage, while the appropriate level of nitrogen (1500kg/hm2) low nitrogen level(75kg/hm2) demonstrated relatively high dry weight3 Based on the effect of water and fertilizers on wheat yield, all the five factors have impact on winter wheat yield. Organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, irrigation has a very significant difference; phosphate has a significant difference. After range analysis and variance analysis, the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C1D2E4. Regression analysis shows that: the optimal combination of fertilizers and water is: organic fertilizer applied 12000 kg/hm2; nitrogen fertilizer applied 75 kg/hm2; phosphate fertilizer applied 300 kg/hm2; potash applied 150 kg/hm2; Irrigation 3000 kg/hm2, that is, A4B1C4D2E4. 4 Nitrate accumulation in the target as a reference, the nitrogen application is the deciding factor. Nitrate in the 0-100cm soil accumulated to the lowest level of N1, with a gradual increase in the amount of nitrogen application. Treatment 5 (A2B1C2D3E4) is optimal combination of fertilizers and water.5 In addition, integrated consideration of nitrate accumulation and yield, treatment 14 (A4B2C3D1E4) and 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) are relatively low nitrate content and higher production. Treatment 14 is similar to the results of range analysis and variance analysis, and treatment 13 (A4B1C4D2E3) is is similar to the results of regression analysis, both of them can be considered as the best combinations.更多还原