论物权变动中第三人利益的保护

【作者】 龚如冰；

【导师】 王全弟；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 法律， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 作为物权法中一项重要的内容,物权变动中第三人利益的保护问题,历来就有争议。在《物权法》出台之前,我国对于这个问题存在立法空白,最多也就是在司法解释或在一些特别法中作一些简单的规定。在理论界,这个问题却有热烈的讨论。本文通过比较分析、规范分析、实证分析、综合分析等方法,在研究分析各国立法的基础上,联系我国《物权法》及相关规定,对各种第三人保护的理论进行分析研究,在此基础上提出一些认识。本文可分为四章,具体结构包括:第一章论述与保护物权变动中第三人利益相关的基本问题及其现实价值。首先,概要介绍了物权变动的几个基本概念,即何谓物权,何谓物权变动。其次,分析探讨了物权变动的几种基本模式,依法律行为的物权变动和非依法律行为的物权变动。第三,对物权变动中所涉及的第三人进行了定性:物权变动中的第三人,总的来讲是指没有参与该物权变动的法律行为,但是又与物权变动有密切利害关系的人。主要指权利变动时,与前权利人或后权利人有关系的人。同时,物权变动中的第三人,是针对当事人而言的,是一个涵义广泛的概念,故应作较为宽泛的理解。最后,考察保护第三人利益的现实价值。市场经济比较发达的情况下,商品交易相当频繁,每个参与交易的人都可能因交易对象在多个主体之间的连续流转而成为现实的第三人。正是一个个第三人象链条一样把市场交易活动延续下去。如果其中某个环节出现问题,就会影响到第三人利益的实现,从而影响到交易的秩序。可见,第三人的利益是交易秩序的化身,保护第三人利益实际上就是保护整个社会交易秩序,营造良好的市场经济运行机制。第二章就物权变动中第三人利益的保护进行立法考察。依学界通说,各国(地区)就物权变动的立法模式可分为意思主义的立法模式(又称债权意思主义的物权变动模式)和形式主义的立法模式。后者又分为物权形式主义的立法模式和债权形式主义的立法模式。在债权意思主义立法模式下,债权合同就可以独立完成物权变动的使命,因而出卖人交付标的物的行为就被解释为(物权变动之后履行买卖合同中交付标的物的义务的)事实行为,不承认物权行为。在物权形式主义立法模式下,物权变动的要件为物权合意和公示方式。公示原则在第三人保护问题上发挥了重要的作用,如公示原则处理无权处分的问题显得游刃有余。形式主义立法模式还抽象出了物权行为,并赋予其独立性和无因性,从而在法律上拟制了后手交易的有权性。在债权形式主义的立法模式下,物权因法律行为而发生变动时,除了需要当事人之间有债权合意外,还需要践行登记或交付的形式,才发生物权变动的效力,认为债权合同就是所有权移转的内在动力和根本原因,并不承认所谓物权合意的存在。第三章对公示公信原则、善意取得制度、物权行为无因性理论分别进行了考察比较。公示公信原则既兼顾交易双方的利益,又给第三人以应有的保护;有效地兼顾了对交易动态安全与静态安全的均衡保护;公示公信原则中的善意标准系客观善意标准,免除了第三人证明自己的主观善意的举证责任,更好地保护第三人利益。善意取得制度的目的在于保护善意第三人的利益,从而有利于维护市场交易秩序,保护交易安全,符合商品经济发展的需要。善意取得制度符合人们善良朴素的法律情感;有利于降低交易成本;从诉讼层面上讲,有利于及时解决纠纷。物权行为理论的制度价值,主要在于其更符合私法的意思自治原则,为善意第三人的保护提供了切实的理论基础。物权行为无因性理论所确定的法律关系非常明晰,有利于司法操作,充分保护交易当事人的利益和交易安全。同时还分析它们各自的缺陷。通过这样的比较分析,并结合我国的社会现实,得出这样的结论,我国在物权变动中保护第三人利益的问题上,应以公示公信原则与善意取得制度为其解决方案。第四章主要是对于新颁布的《物权法》的立法解读,提出一些制度完善的建议。首先介绍我国《物权法》对于第三人保护的规定。其次分析物权法所确定的以公示为原则,以善意取得为补充的保护第三人利益的方法的合理性。最后提出完善物权法第地二十四条的建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a very important content of the property law, the issue of the protection of the third party in real right alteration has been discussed for a long time. Before the property law is issued, although there are some simple prescriptions in judicial interpretation and specific laws, the issue is still blank in Chinese legislation. In the theoretic area, the issue is being widely discussed. By the method of comparing, standardization, demonstration and synthesis analysis, this thesis makes a research on the issue and provides some pieces of advice, through the exploration of legislations in different countries and the research on the Chinese Property Law.This thesis is composed by 4 chapters:Chapter one discusses the basic issues related to the protection of the third party in real right alteration and the current value of it. Firstly, it introduces some basic concepts about the real right alteration, what is a real right and what is the real right alteration. Secondly, it explores some basic patterns of the real right alteration, the alteration resulted from legal acts and the one not resulted from them. Thirdly, it gives a proper definition of the "third party" concerning the real right alteration. The third party in real right alteration is an extensive concept which should be considered broadly. Lastly, this chapter explores the value orientation to protect the third party’s interests in real right alteration in contemporary era. As the market economy is developing and transactions are quite frequent, every person, company or organization is likely to become a third party due to the transaction of goods in different bodies. Like a chain, the third parties keep transactions go on. If there is anything wrong in the process, the realization of the interests of the third party will be damaged. Therefore, the third party’s interest is the embodiment of transaction order.Chapter two explores the legislation of the protection for the third party in real right alteration. It is widely accepted in the theory that the legislation pattern of real right alteration can be divided into the principle of consent and the principle of formalism. The latter can be divided into the principle of real right agreement and the principle of contractual agreement. Under the principle of consent, contract can fulfill the mission of real right alteration, so there is no real right act. Under the principle of real right agreement, the real right agreement and the public demonstration and public credit are necessarily needed, and the public demonstration and public credit plays an important role in the protection of the third party. Real right act is abstracted from the principle of formalism. It is independent and can be got without cause. Under the principle of contractual agreement, there is no real right agreement. The cause of the ownership transfer is contract.Chapter three discusses and compares the principle of public demonstration and public credit, the theory of acquisition with good will and the principle of juridical act of real right without cause. The principle of public demonstration and public credit can not only protect the both parties in transaction, but also the interests of the third party. It provides a proper balance between the dynamic safety and static safety of transactions. The theory of acquisition with good will protects the interests of the third party in transaction, maintaining the market transaction order, protect the transaction safety and save the cost of it. The principle of juridical act of real right without cause is an explicit legal system, easy to be applied in jurisdiction, and protecting the interests of dealers and the transaction safety. This chapter also analyzes the defects of the three principles above. By comparative analysis of the above three systems, the conclusion can be made according to the reality of our country, that the principle of the third party’s interests in real right alteration should be adopted on the issue of the protection of the third party’s interests in real right alteration.Chapter four makes research on the new Property Law. Firstly, it introduces the prescriptions in the Property Law. Secondly, it analyzes the rationality of our legislation pattern in which the principle of public demonstration and public credit is the base with the theory of acquisition with good will as a supplement. Lastly, the author makes suggestions to amend the article 24 of the Property Law.更多还原