两周青铜匜研究

【作者】 阴玲玲；

【导师】 张懋镕；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 青铜匜出现时间较早,流行时间较长,并在青铜礼器的组合中占有重要地位,因而是先秦时期重要的青铜礼器之一。但至今对青铜匜的研究仍比较薄弱,缺乏一个系统的整理研究。本文以青铜匜为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,充分利用考古发掘以及历代著录所见的关于青铜匜的资料,运用考古类型学、文化因素分析法以及统计、比较的方法对青铜匜的定名用途、形制特征、发展演变、区域分布、起源衰落、器物组合以及与其它器物关系等问题作进一步的探讨。通过系统的整理研究,本文以期对以上提出的问题有一个比较清楚的认识。下面就文章每一部分作简单的介绍。第一部分:关于青铜匜的定名和用途。本文运用统计学的方法对青铜匜的铭文进行分析,并结合文献记载探讨匜的定名和用途。第二部分:关于青铜匜的类型学研究。本文运用考古类型学方法对考古发掘出土的401件铜匜和传世的120件铜匜进行型式划分,揭示青铜匜的演变发展规律。将各地区有特色的匜也囊括其中,以有利于匜的区域特征研究。第三部分:关于青铜匜的分期断代。本文在类型学研究的基础上,根据铜匜的演变发展规律、纹饰特点、组合规律将青银匜划分为八期,分别为西周中期、西周晚期、春秋早期、春秋中期、春秋晚期、战国早期、战国中期、战国晚期。西周中期时,青铜匜作为一种水器,适应沃盥之礼的需要而产生。西周晚期、春秋早期是青铜匜的发展期;春秋中晚期是青铜匜发展的高峰期,战国早期后则是青铜匜的衰落期。秦汉时期虽仍见铜匜,但数量已经很少。第四部分:关于青铜匜的组合。本文以科学发掘的、没有经过盗扰的、完整的青铜礼器组合为研究材料,探讨了盘匜组合是如何形成和演变发展的,是如何的问题,并分析了出土盘匜组合墓主人的身份等级情况,说明了匜在礼器组合中的地位。盘匜组合最早出现于西周中期,并于西周晚期时完成了盘盉组合向盘匜组合的过渡。盘匜组合作为青铜礼器中一种稳固的水器组合,发展至春秋中晚期时,在大中小型墓葬中已经普遍使用,这在以楚文化圈为中心的南方地区墓中表现得尤为明显。这种现象也表明了春秋中期以后南方水器发展程度高于北方。第五部分:关于青铜匜与其它器物关系的研究。即匜跟盂、鉴、缶、洗、有流盘、匜鼎、匜形斗、觥、瓢的关系。它们之间的关系或为组合关系、或是由于形制上相互影响,功能上比较接近。第六部分:关于青铜匜的区域研究。本文运用文化因素分析法对全国各地区出土青铜匜作了比较分析。按青铜匜的地域特征划分为六大区域:即中原地区、关中地区、北方地区、山东地区、长江中下游地区、西南地区。除了具有地方特色的匜外,春秋早期(包括春秋早期)之前全国主要流行四足、三足敞口流匜;春秋中期开始,流行三足管流匜,这种形制的匜在中原、关中、山东地区流行至战国早期,而以楚文化圈为中心的南方在春秋中期偏晚时,创造出楚式的平底匜,从而在形制上与中原、山东、关中地区形成对峙;战国早期偏晚后,全国流行楚式平底匜,匜的形制归于统一。第七部分:关于青铜匜的起源与衰落。匜最早的形制很接近兽形觥与尊,因此当时匜如同牺尊、觥等器一样,大概是对动物造型的模仿。随着沃盥之礼的逐渐崩坏,在一些墓葬中也发现缶匜、鉴匜、洗匜的组合,以及盘匜组合数量不对等、有盘无匜、有匜无盘的现象。战国早期青铜匜趋向于衰落,战国中晚期时匜的形制更趋于简单化,数量也变少,多出现平底无鋬匜,且容积量变小,从形制、功能上越来越接近瓢,匜也就消亡了。更多还原

【Abstract】 The bronze yi appears time to compare early, popular time is longer, and occupy an important position in the combination of the bronze ritual vessels , as a result is one of the period important bronze rituals vessels in previous qindynasty .But up to now the research of the bronze yi is still weaker, lack a systematic sorting and research .This text takes the bronze yi as a research object, on the foundation of the fore person’research , make use of study of archaeology excavation and the data concerning the bronze yi that saw in the past records, the usage of typology, cultural factor analysis、statistics and the comparative method to inquiry into the chooses name and use、the form system characteristic of bronze yi、develop to turn into、the district distribute、origins decline、the articles combination and then make a further study with other relation etc. problem.Through the systematic sorting and research ,this text expect to have an all new understanding about the problem put forward .the nderneath article will make simple introduction to each part.The first part:As for the bronze yi choose name and the usage.The text uses statistics method to analyzes the inscription of the bronze yi, and combine document recorded to study the choose name with the usage of bronze yi.The second part:As for the typology research of the bronze yi .This text uses typology methord carried on the 401 bronze yi got by archaeological excavation and 120 bronze yi handed down by fore person , to reveal the development regulation of bronze yi to public. Have special features bronze yi from regions also among them will be benificial to the district characteristic research of theThe third part: by stages and dynastic of pronze yi.This text on the foundation of the typology research , according to the development and turn into regulation,the characteristics of pattern of the pronze yi .combination regulation and make use of stratigraphical principle and make reference to the by stages of other artifacts excavated together divide the bronze yi to eight periods, respectively Western zhou midterm、later period of Western zhou、Spring and Autumn earlier period、Spring and Autumn midterm、Spring and Autumn later period、Warring states earlier period、Warring states midterm、Warring states later period。At Western zhou midterm , the bronze yi conduct and actions as a kind of water machine, produced adapting the demand of the wash ritual. Later period of Western zhou and Spring and Autumn earlier period is the development period of the bronze yi, the middle and later period of Spring and Autumn is the high peak period of the bronze yi development.Warring states earlier period is the falling off period of the bronze yi .in Qin and Han dynasty although still see the bronze yi, the quantity is few already. The fourth part:As for the combination of the bronze yi. This text with science archaeological excavated pronze ritual vessels combition without through thief and disturbed for study material, inquiry into the problem of dish yi combination is how appear,turn into development track .and analyze to the host’s identity and grade circumstance which excavated dish ayi combination. explain the position of yi in the artifacts . dish yi combination was appear in Western zhou midterm at the earliest stage, and in later period of Western zhou the dish he combination transformed toward the dish yi combination completed. The dish yi combination is a kind of stable water machine combination develop to the Spring and Autumn middle and later period. the small and big scaled graves buried in greatly . this is taking Chu’s literary circles as center of express in the southern region grave is obvious particularly.This kind of phenomenon also hinted the reason that Spring and Autumn middle and later period the southern water machine development degree is higher than the northern.The fifth part:As for the research on the relationship of pronze yi with other artifacts.Then yi with yu、jian、fou、xi,have a relation of flow the dish、yi ding、yi form dou、gong and piao .Their relation or for combination,or form system up influence mutually ,or the form system,function near to up.The sixth part: The district study as for the bronze yi.this text uses cultural factor analysis method to analyze and compare the bronze yi excavated of whole country in everyplace .According to the region characteristic of the bronze yi divides the line for the six greatest districts:Namely Central plains、the pass region、northern region、Shandong region、the downstream region of Yangtze River、northwest region.In addition to the yi with special features, Spring and Autumn earlier period(including period before Spring and Autumn earlier period) is national to mainly spread four foots、three foots uncovered flow yi ;from Spring and Autumn middle period start, spreading three foot tubes flow yi, the yi of this kind in Central plains、the pass region and in Shandong region spread to go to warring states earlier period, but take Chu’s literary circles as center of south at Spring and Autumn middle be partial to later, create a flat bottom yi of Chu’s type, thus in the form system stand the opposite with the Central region, Shandong region , the pass region .Warring states earlier period be partial to the later , national popular Chu’s type flat bottom yi, the form system of the yi return in unify.The seventh part:Concerning the origins and the comedown of the bronze yi. The earliest form system nears to the monster form very much, so at that time yi like shengzunand and gongzun..etc, probably is to the mimicry of the animal shape. along with the ritual wash gradually Collapses, also discover combination of fou yi,jian yi and xi yi in some graves buried, and the dish yi combination quantity not an equal footing etc,have the phenomenon that the dish has no yi and yi to have no dish. in early days of Warring states, the bronze yi inclined toward falling off. the form system of bronze yi that for later period gradually in turn in brief, the quantity also became less, the region distributed unbalance also, as a result this period for yi is a falling off period; Warring states middle and lagter period appear flat bottom have no pan yi, and the amount of capacity diminish, nearing to piao more and more from the form system、the top of the function, the yi also perished.更多还原