近代晋南农村市场的发展与社会变迁（1860-1949）

【作者】 吴孟显；

【导师】 张萍；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 历史商业地理作为历史地理学新兴的一个重要分支,是研究历史时期地球表面人类商业活动与各种地理要素相互关系的一门重要学科。而作为市场体系基层单元之一的农村市场,不仅是农村地区商业活动、商品流通的载体,更在人际交往、社会联络等方面发挥着重要的作用。一个地区农村市场的发育状况,往往能反映出当地的经济发展水平和人民生活状况。因此,农村市场的发展演变、地域差异及其在农村社会中所产生的作用等方面的研究,不仅是历史商业地理研究的一项重要课题,更是当前社会主义新农村建设所亟待突破的重要难题。本文结合晋南地区自然人文环境的特点,首先以长时段的眼光,通过对地方志资料的详细梳理,对清至民国晋南地区农村集市的数量、集期安排和庙会市场的场址数、举办天数等方面进行了一个总体性的考察。结果得出,在这几百年的发展进程中,晋南地区一直存在集会并行发展的情况。有所不同的是,庙会市场一直表现出缓步上升的态势,而农村集市的发展则经历了一番的波折。其次,以横剖面的方法,详细比较了晋南农村市场在晚清时期(1860—1911)、民国前期(1912—1936)和民国后期(1937—1949)三个时间段内的发展演变,并对不同地域农村市场的发展特征进行了考察。从而得出在晚清时期的集市密度以泽潞盆地为最高,汾涑盆地次之,东南山地与西部丘陵山地的集市密度虽明显低于盆地区,但该区集市有着较高的开市频率和较多的庙会市场作为补充。民国前期,盆地区的集市密度都有所下降,尤以泽潞盆地下降幅度最大,而山区的集市密度则都有所上升。抗战爆发后,晋南农村市场由自然形成的地域分异转变为不同势力范围之间的差别。在沦陷区和国统区,因战争的破坏和强制的经济统制,市场严重衰败。在根据地(解放区),市场则随战事的发展和政策的改变而发生很大的波动,集市点废置的原因也颇具特殊性。复次,考察了庙会市场的发展及其在晋南区域市场体系中的作用,得出耕作制度、宗教寺庙祭祀时间是影响其举办时间的重要因素。提出民国庙会市场与农村集市发展趋势不同主要在于资料记载、灾荒影响及其固有特点等方面的原因。同时,通过对光绪丁戊奇荒和战后各方军事斗争的考察,得出近代以来的环境变动对晋南地区农村市场的发展和空间格局都产生了巨大的影响。再次,以典型分析的方式,通过对各个集镇逐一的考证和历史地图的分析,对荣河县进行深入的个案研究,得出该县市场的区位变动是自然环境变化、新经济因素的进入及市场内在机制等因素综合作用下的结果。然后,详细对比方志中关于集镇的记载,全方位地考察晋南地区集镇的延续情况,得出集镇的兴衰起落和区位上的频繁变动是导致晋南农村市场空间格局不断进行重构的重要原因。同时,通过对洋货与商品结构、新式交通方式与商品流通量、社会阶层与市场交易主体身份构成、新型交易组织与市场的组织化趋势等几组相对关系的考察,得出以上几种现代性因素的渗入使得晋南农村市场的内部结构发生了颇具时代特征的量变与质变。最后,引入“公共空间”的概念,对政府、民众、市场、社会等方面的相互关系进行综合考察,得出农村市场在近代晋南农村社会的利用率大大增加,并使得当地的职业结构、风俗观念等发生了巨大的变化,而在这个过程中政府也扮演了重要的角色。农村市场已经成为晋南农村社会进行经济交往、社会联络、信息传播、民众教化等活动的公共空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 Historical commercial geography, which was an important branch of historical geography, is one of the important subjects that research the relationship between human’s business activities and various geographical elements. And rural market which is one basic unit of market system, not only bearing the business activities in the countryside, but also play an important role on in interpersonal communication and social connection. The development status of rual market, can often reflect the whole level of economic development and people’s living conditions. Thus the studying of rual market’s development, regional differences and function, is not just an important subjects, but also a difficult problem of New Socialist Rural Reconstruction at present.First, combining the features of JinNan’s natural and human environment, this dissertation that from a long periods perspective had carding the local chronicle materials in detail, and had wholly investigated the quantity and time arrangement of rural fairs, the quantity and hosting days of temple fairs in JinNan from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. And the results showed that JinNan’s fairs and temple fairs were parallel development all the time in the several hundred years. Only there was a jogging development of temple fairs, while the development of rural fairs had undergone twists and turns.Secondly, this article had compared the rural market’s development evolution in JinNan in the latter Qing dynasty time (1860-1911), the earlier period (1912-1936) and later period (1937-1949) of the Republic of China. It had also investigated the developing features of rural market in different regions. The result showed the highest density of rural fair was in Zelu basin, and Fensu basin took second place. The rural fair density in the southeast mountainous and the western hill and mountainous was lower than the basin area obviously. But it had a high opening frequency and massive temple fair market as the supplement. After the Sino-Japanese War, it’s a big transformation from the region differentiation which form naturally to the difference due to sphere of influence. In occupied regions and Guotong areas, the market had downfall seriously because of the destruction by war and compellent economic control. In the revolutonary base area and the liberated area led by the Communist Party of China, the market had prodigious fluctuation along with the fighting progress and the change of policy. And the reasons of disused or installed fairs had been particularity.Thirdly, the papper had investigated the temple fair’s developing and its actions in JinNan’s regional market system. It obtained that the cropping system and the fete time of temple had important effect in the hold time of temple fair. And it proposed that the different tendency was result from the record of material, the influence of disaster, and its immanent characteristic. Morever, through to the inspection to the strange famine in GuangXu and military struggle in the postwar, this paper had obtained the environment’s change had a huge influence to the rural market’s development and spatial pattern’s change in JinNan.Then, this article conducted one thorough case study to RongHe by typical analysis’s way, through to fair’s research one by one and historical map’s analysis. Then it obtained the market position’s change were result of combined action by various factors which included the natural environment change, new economic agent entry and the market intrinsic mechanism and so on. Subsequently, through to compared the recordation about market-town in local chronicles and investigated the continuous situation of JinNan’s market-town omni-directionally, this article conclusion that the rising and falling and locational variation of market-town frequently were the important factor resulted in space reconstruction continuously in JinNan’s rural market.Simultaneously, this paper investigated the relative relation between foreign goods and commodity structure, new traffic modes and commercial circulation quantity, social stratum and the identity composition of market traders, new transactional organization and systematization tend of market. Then it obtained that the internal structure of JinNan’s rural market had been changed quantitily and qualitily because of the infiltration by over modernity factors.Finally, this article investigated comprehensively the relatice relation between government, populace, market and society by introducing the concept of "public space". It demonstrated that rural market’s utilization had greatly increased in JinNan’s rural areas in modern time. And it had made a huge changed to its occupational structure and custom concept. Furthermore, government had play an important role in the process. Rural market had already become a public space used for economic communication, social connection, information transmission and people education.更多还原