【作者】 师峻岭；

【导师】 任相宏；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 中国古代玉器是古老的中华文明的组成部分,具有丰富的文化内涵。玉器的研究,不仅对我们了解古代人类的物质文化成就大有裨益,而且能使我们从这些古老文化遗产的结晶上透视到古代人们的社会心理意识形态等方面的情况,它是文物和考古学研究的一个重要组成部分。玉的功能齐天、齐人、齐地。这些就是古人对玉的认识,它代表天,代表地,代表人,一句话,玉的美德太完美了。它成为中华民族美学一部圣典,支配着社会精神,支配着人们的灵魂。到了战国、秦、汉代对玉的崇拜达到了极限的程度,形成了完整的玉的美学思想,玉的内在美,外在美正是中华民族内在美和外在美的表现。从考古出土的数万件汉代文物中看出,汉代玉器遍布全国。比较有影响的,有西汉的河北满城中山靖王刘胜墓,山东巨野昌邑哀王墓,江苏徐州楚王墓,广州南越王墓、双乳山济北王墓等,这些王陵出土的玉器数量大而集中。汉代崇尚道教、玄学,王公贵族祈求长生不死,渴望得道成仙。玉器的社会功用也发生了相应的变化,商周以来的祖先崇拜、礼仪规范及道德教化,变成了联系超越生死,联系神仙与现实人间的桥梁。在这神雾弥漫,仙气缭绕的环境里,汉代玉器采用了写实与夸张并行的创作手法,将想象中的富有浪漫色彩的天上仙人生活与现实中的由生活气息的人间世界,有机地结合在一起,创造了一批气势非凡、精美绝伦并附有梦幻色彩的艺术佳品。汉代玉器根据其形制、用途大致可分为礼玉、装饰品、葬玉和陈设艺术品四大类;最能体现汉代玉器特色和雕琢工艺水平的,是葬玉和陈设玉。为祈求尸体不朽而制造的葬玉,有玉衣、九窍塞、玉玲和玉握四种。具有写实意义的陈设玉有玉奔马、玉熊、玉鹰、玉辟邪等,多为圆雕或高浮雕作品,凝聚着汉代浑厚豪放的艺术风格。“天下美玉出和田”,汉代玉材以和田玉为主。到西汉中期,中原王朝和西域的交通畅通无阻,和田玉源源不断地运进内地。汉代的诸侯王墓中出土的许多玉器如河北满城刘胜墓等,据鉴定多为和田玉。汉代玉器的图案装饰大致了分为几何纹和动物纹两大类。几何纹以谷纹、蒲纹、涡纹和云纹最为常见。动物纹又可分为图案化和写实两种。在玉器造型上,汉代工匠往往采用高度概括、舍弃细节的手法,注重整体效果,表现或把握对象的神韵、气势和象貌。汉代是我国历史上国力强盛、疆域辽阔、经济繁荣的时代。在学术与文艺方面承先秦,不同地区的文化兼收并蓄,并开时代之新,创造出举世瞩目的、对中华传统文化的发展产生巨大影响的汉代文明。就艺术的整体性而言,玉器只是汉代艺术大树上的一个小分支而已,但它却从一个角度折射出汉代艺术的基本面貌,传递着汉代人的思想观念,为后人开启了一扇通向博大精深的汉文化之门。更多还原

【Abstract】 China ancient times the jade carving was the ancient Chinese civilization constituent, had the rich cultural connotation. Jade carving’s research, not only to us understood that ancient times humanity’s material culture achievement was of great help, moreover could cause us from these ancient cultural heritage crystallization the perspective to ancient times people’s aspect and so on social psychology ideology situations, it was the cultural relic and an archaeology research important component.Jade function Qi Tian, Qi Ren, together. These are the ancient to the jade understanding, it represents the day, represents, the representative, a few words, the jade moral excellence was too perfect. Becomes a Chinese nation esthetics scripture, is controlling the social spirit, iscontrolling people’s soul. To the Warring States, Qin, Han Dynasty the worship have achieved the limit degree to the jade, has formed the complete jade esthetics thought that jade intrinsic US, external US is precisely Chinese nation intrinsic US and the external US’s performance.Sees from the archaeology unearthed several thousand Han Dynasty cultural relic, the Han Dynasty jade carving proliferates the nation. Compared with is influential, has Western Han Dynasty’s river north manchuria city Zhongshan peace Wang Liu Shengmu, the Shandong great wild Changyi sorrow king grave, the Jiangsu Xuzhou Chu king grave, north Guangzhou South Vietnam Wang Mu, the double Rushan Jinan Wang Mu and so on, these king mausoleum unearthed jade carving quantity is big and is centralized. The Han Dynasty advocation Taoism, the metaphysics, the nobility implores the immortality, longed for that obtains enlightenment becomes an immortal. Since jade carving’s social function has also had the corresponding change, Shangzhou’s ancestor worship, the etiquette standard and the moral enlightenment, turned the relation surmounting life and death, the relation deity and the realistic world bridge. Fills the air in this god fog, the fairyism winds around in the environment, the Han Dynasty jade carving used has been practical with the exaggerating parallel creation technique, will imagine in the rich romantic color space immortal life and the reality by the life breath world world, organically unified in together, has created one batch of imposing manners extraordinary, fine peerless and attaches the illusion color artistic high quality goods.The Han Dynasty jade carving acts according to its construction, the use to be possible to divide into the ritual jade, the ornament approximately, to bury the jade and the arrangement artware four broad headings; Most can manifest the Han Dynasty jade carving characteristic and carve the technological level, is buries the jade and the arrangement jade. In order to implore to bury the jade which the corpse immortal makes, has the jade clothes, nine orifices, the jade han and the jade grasps four kinds. Has the practical significance arrangement jade to have the jade speeding horse, the jade bear, the jade hawk, the jade to exorcise evil spirits and so on, many for sculpture in the round or high relief work, is condensing the Han Dynasty vigorous bold artistic style."the world beautiful jade leaves Hetian", Han Dynasty jade material by the Hetian jade primarily. To the Western Han Dynasty intermediate stage, the area south of Yellow River dynasty and the western region transportation opens access, the Hetian jade imports inland continuously. In Han Dynasty’s feudal lord Wang Mu unearthed many jade carving like river north manchuria city Liu Shengmu and so on, according to appraises many for the Hetian jade. The Han Dynasty jade carving’s design decoration approximate has divided into the geometry grain and the animal grain two broad headings. The geometry grain by Gu Wen, Pu Wen, curls with the cloud pattern is most common. The animal grain may divide into the design and the practical two kinds. In the jade carving modelling, Han Dynasty artisan often uses summarizes, the rejection detail technique highly, pays great attention the whole effect, the performance or grasps the object the charm, the imposing manner and likely the appearance.The Han Dynasty is in our country history the national strength is powerful, area vast, economic boom time. In academic receives pre-Qin with the literary aspect, the different area’s culture swallows anything and everything uncritically, and opens new time, creates, to China traditional culture’s development which attracts worldwide attention has the enormous influence Han Dynasty civilization. Speaking of the artistic integrity, the jade carving is only on a Han Dynasty art big tree’s small branch, but it actually reflects the Han Dynasty art from an angle the basic appearance, is transmitting the Han Dynasty person’s ideological concept, has opened one leaf for the posterity gate to the broad and profound Chinese culture.更多还原