【作者】 郑俊涛；

【导师】 易继明；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 民商法学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 自由,是在法律允许的范围内做自己想做的事,这是人们对自由最感性的认识。自由在私法领域最重要的体现就是意思自治原则。遗嘱自由与契约自由一样都是意思自治原则的体现。同时,遗嘱自由原则也体现了对公民个人财产权的保护和尊重。遗嘱是公民以法律规定的手段与方式来处分自己死后的个人财产归属,是个人财产所有权的全面体现。遗嘱自由是被继承人得以遗嘱这种方式处分自己身后财产的自由。但自由并不完全取决于个人的意志,而是对个别人任意的逾越设有一定的限制。这种限制包括基于社会生活条件的限制,为了社会及他人利益的限制,为了各项自由协调的限制。进入19世纪以来,基于社会经济、政治的需要,民法中的个人本位主义让位于社会本位主义,意思自治原则受到越来越多的限制,私人的财产所有权也从绝对走向相对。那么在继承发面,遗嘱自由也应受到适当的限制。本文试从两则典型案例入手,针对中国现行继承法在遗嘱自由限制方面的明显缺失,运用哲学、历史学、伦理学、法理学、比较学等分析方法,对建立我国特留份制度的立法依据作了全面系统的阐述,并结合我国现实国情、现有司法资源,提出了具体制度的构建。论文由四个部分组成。论文第一部分通过对“杭州案”和“泸州案”分析,指出我国现行继承法存在立法上的缺失,对遗嘱自由给予的限制不够。剖析遗嘱自由的基本原理和历史演变之后,对我国现行继承法中遗嘱自由限制的现状进行了评价。论文第二部分重点论述建立中国特留份制度的必要性,并力求阐明:自由不是绝对的,自由内含了限制和不自由,特留份制度正是遗嘱自由内涵的组成部分,是遗嘱自由的题中之意;从历史发展的视角分析,特留份制度与遗嘱自由是相伴相生的;社会伦理道德也强烈呼吁中国特留份制度的建立;遗嘱自由与民法意思自治的价值理念相一致,遗嘱制度与意思自治的发展路径是相符的,也应实现从个人本位向社会本位的转变;同时,特留份权建立在一定的身份的基础之上的财产关系,具有强制性特点。论文第三部分作为本文的最重要的一章,旨在通过对各国特留份制度的比较分析,提出了中国特留份制度的具体构思。在分析比较了几个代表性国家的特留份制度后,对特留份的性质、特征、与相关权利的关系进行了分析,得出结论:特留份对遗嘱自由是一种限制,但这种限制不能突破遗嘱自由的范围,使其成为对生前意思自治的一种限制。合理的、科学的特留份制度要在自由与限制之间找到适宜的平衡点,要在个人自由与社会利益之间找到最好的结合点。在此理论基础之上,从编排体例、相关制度安排、特留份主体、特留份的份额、特留份的丧失、特留份的扣减、扣减的诉讼时效等方面,对完善我国遗嘱自由制度提出立法建议。最后以一则例子来说明和检测整个立法构思。论文第四部分也即结论,从特留份主体、特留份的份额、特留份的丧失、特留份的扣减、扣减的诉讼时效五个方面,提出具体立法建议稿。更多还原

【Abstract】 What is freedom? Freedom is considered as that people can do what he wants in legal limits. The rule autonomy of the will is the reflection of freedom in Inheritance law.Freedom of testament is the reflection of the rule autonomy of the will as the freedom of contract. And freedom of testament is considered as comprehensively protecting the individual property. Freedom of testament is that people can freely deal with his individual property by testament after he dies.But freedom does not depend on personal will, it is limitary, transcending discretion of specific people and identifying universality. Such limit includes confinement based on conditions of society life, and that for the sake of benefit of society and others, and of coordination of all kinds of freedom. The freedom of testament is not excepting.After 19t" century,with the development of social economy and politics, social standard replace individual standard and the rule autonomy of the will is restricted.For this reason, the freedom of testament must be limited.Starting with two typical case, the article expounds comprehensively and systematically the legislation gist of establishing legitim system of our country, and provides exhibition of concrete construction of the system, incorporating the situation of our country. And the article aims at the distinct deficiency in confinement of testament freedom in current law of inheritance of our country,and has exercised such analyzing means as philosophy, history, ethnics,jurisprudence and comparison, etc.The article is made up of four parts:The first part explains notion, characteristics and nature of legitim,appraising the status quo of restrained testament freedom in current law of inheritance of our country, and making comparison of similarities and differences between system of compulsory portion and system of legitim in our country.The second part highlights and strives to illuminate the necessity of establishing legitim system of China. Freedom is not obsolute, freedom includes confinement and unfreedom. Legitim system is a part of testament freedom and legitim system bears origin the meaning of testament. The unity of different kinds of benefits, and the ultimate pursuit of essentials justice and social reasonableness are no other than the immanent warranty to reach reconciliation and unification of both limit and freedom.The legitim system is of concomitance with testament freedom according to analyses from view angle of historical reference. And social ethic morality is also calling on the establishment of legitim system in China. As the important constituent of inheritance law in civil law, its testament freedom is of coincidence with the valure logos of consciousness autonomy of civil law. And the developing paths are consistent for legitim system and consciousness autonomy. And legitim right is established on definite status with unique feature of enforceability.The third part gives exhibition of concrete construction of legitim system of our country, which is based on comparative analysis of legitim systems of nations of the world.The fourth part puts forwards five rules in establishment of Chinese forced heirship system and the draft on it.更多还原