我国循环经济法律制度研究

【作者】 王梅凌；

【导师】 曹明德；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 经济法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 高能耗、高物耗、高污染的粗放型发展模式令我国生态环境不堪重负,严重制约了经济的发展,循环经济成为必然的选择。大力发展循环经济是落实科学发展观的具体实践,是建设资源节约型社会的客观要求,是建设环境友好型社会的重要载体和途径,也是当今世界经济发展和环境保护的潮流。发展循环经济己经写入“十一五”规划,并成为我国一项长期的战略任务。但是,我国的循环经济理论研究和实践仍存在很多问题和障碍。需要综合运用行政、经济、法律等各种手段方可解决。而法律手段具有规范性、稳定性、强制性、公开性和极大的权威性等特征,是国家调控政治、经济和社会发展的最高形式,其作用和力度是其他手段无法达到也不可替代的。因此,发展循环经济必须重视并充分发挥法律手段的作用。发展循环经济是一场经济、环境保护和社会的重大变革,迫切需要在上层建筑的法律领域也进行一次重大的变革来支持。发达国家在循环经济法律制度上已经做出了一系列安排,并收到了良好的社会效果。虽然全国人大环资委审议通过了《循环经济法(草案)》,然而我国目前的相关立法还存在诸多不足,满足不了循环经济发展的需求。作为一项综合性、系统性的全新经济发展模式,仅仅依靠单项法规或者条例或者微观层面的零星制度是很难起到应有的作用的,甚至可能会引发法律法规之间的冲突,增加协调成本。因此非常有必要构建科学、全面的循环经济法律制度,这是我国发展循环经济的基本保障。鉴于上述原因,本文对我国循环经济法律制度的构建做了一些探讨,以期循环经济立法的理论和实践能早日完善,真正发挥法律对循环经济发展的促进作用。笔者将依据循环经济知识和法学理论知识,结合循环经济在我国发展的现实情况和困境,运用法解释学和比较法学的方法,在现已取得的研究成果的基础上,拟从发展循环经济是一个系统工程的思想出发,从宏观和具体框架两个角度相结合来探讨如何构建一个适合我国国情、能够指导和规范我国实践的循环经济法律制度。全文除了引言和结论外分为三个部分:第一部分,对循环经济法进行了概述。首先,介绍了循环经济法的涵义,包括了循环经济的概念及其理论来源,循环经济法涵义的界定;其次,对循环经济法律制度进行了法理分析,包括循环经济法律制度的价值和演进,选择介绍了具有代表性的德国、日本、美国的循环经济法律制度演进历程;第三,通过我国资源紧缺的数据实证说明了我国循环经济法立法的必要性。第二部分,是对我国循环经济法律制度的现状分析。首先,介绍了我国循环经济法律制度的发展状况:包括了各省市、企业建设循环经济的现实情况,分层次介绍了我国法律、行政法规、地方性法规建设现状,并结合德国、日本、美国三国立法模式的分析,对我国循环经济法建设现状做出综述。其次,分析了我国循环经济法律制度的发展困境。社会整体层面的制约体现为循环经济理念尚待普及、循环经济建设不成熟、制度供给不足;同时,现有的循环经济法律法规也存在诸多方面的局限;而《循环经济法(草案)》也有其外部障碍和自身缺陷。第三部分,对我国循环经济法律制度的构建。分三个方面详细论述:第一,从四个层次构建我国循环经济法律制度的宏观框架:一是把循环经济纳入宪法,以根本大法的形式确认循环经济立法;二是建立循环经济基本法,完善《循环经济法》草案,以该法作为我国发展循环经济的基本法;三是建立综合性循环经济法律;四是根据具体资源、行业属性和要求,建立专项性循环经济法规。第二,对《循环经济法》具体框架的构想。首先,主要介绍了《循环经济法》的立法指导思想,要以人为本,贯彻全面、协调、可持续发展观,结合国情和实际,以循环经济法的可操作性为重点。其次,强调循环经济法立法要坚持3R原则,以“减量化原则”为首要原则;坚持“政府主导、市场推进、公众参与”的综合调整原则;坚持行政强制和经济扶持相结合的原则和国家责任原则。第三,介绍了学者对循环经济法立法框架的几种意见,笔者对循环经济法的立法框架也进行了设计,一共分为七章,包括总则、职责与管理制度、生产和建设中的循环经济、流通和消费中的循环经济、鼓励和扶持措施、法律责任和附则。同时,通过对德国《循环经济与废物清除法》的逐章分析、比较,总结其立法特色和先进经验,为我国建设循环经济法提供借鉴。第三,从政府、企业和非政府组织、公众三方面构建对我国循环经济法的制度创新。政府角度主要包括循环经济规划制度、政府激励制度、绿色国民经济核算制度、循环经济评价考核制度和市场准入制度,发展循环经济应由政府主导推动,国家和政府在建立循环经济战略的任务上负有不可推卸的责任,政府主要起到规范、引导、服务、监督和管理的作用;企业和非政府组织角度包括了建立生产者责任延伸制度、建立循环性产品目录、建立回收利用的奖励和付费制度,要充分发挥非政府组织在发展循环经济中的作用;社会公众角度包括了倡导绿色消费、建立消费者责任制度延伸、提高公众参与意识和能力、建立押金制度几方面。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is suffering from unbearable eco-environment problem and economy retention caused by extensive economic growth pattern that is marked by high-energy consumption, high-material consumption and high pollution. Thus, it is extraordinarily necessary to promote circular economy. It is useful to implement scientific development view, satisfy objective requirement of building resources save type society and construct an environmentally-friendly society. Developing circular economy has been added into the Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and become a long-term strategic task. However, the theory and practice on circular economy still have to face many difficulties. It needs to employ integrally administrative means, economic means and legal means in order to change this situation. Law is an irreplaceable and superlative mean for country macroscopic control, and must be seriously treated in developing circular economy.Developing circular economy is a significant reform involving economy, environmental protection and society. The reform of law is necessary and urgency in that process. Environment & source commission of national people’s congress of PRC has passed the "Circular Economy Law (draft)", but comparing with the outstanding work that the developed countries have done in this area, many insufficient aspects still exit in China’s legislation. As circular economy is a comprehensive and systemic brand-new economic development mode, it’s absolutely necessary to construct a reason legal system in order to promote circular economy.For the reasons above, the thesis intends to how to build up the circular economy legal system, looking forward to improve and refine its theory and practice, and to promote the economy development by this law. Considering the practical situation of circular economy in China, the author uses the principles of economics and law to discuss how to build up a circular economy that is suitable to China and can direct our practices. At the same time, the author will analyze the problem from both micro and macro standpoint. This thesis includes three parts except the introduction and conclusion:Part 1: Introduction of circular economy law. The article firstly introduces the meaning of circular economy law, including the concept and theoretical origin of circular economy, the definition of circular economy law. Secondly, this law is analyzed from the standpoint of law and this thesis selects some typical countries such as Germany, Japan and US to introduce the development process of circular economy. Thirdly, the author demonstrates the necessity of legislation.Part 2: Analysis on the current situation of circular economy legal system in China. Firstly, relative legislation and the current situation of several provinces and cities are introduced. Based on the analysis of China and several foreign countries above, this thesis presents the summarization of China’s circular economy legal system. Secondly, the plight of legislation in this area is introduced, including the dilemma of the whole society level, the defects of present law, and the internal flaws and external obstacles of "Circular Economy Law (draft)".Part 3: Construction of circular economy legal system in China. This part divided into three aspects:Firstly, the macro architecture of this law needs to be found from four steps: A. Add circular economy into the constitution of China in order to establish it as the fundamental law; B. Refine the "Circular Economy Law (draft)" and converting it into the basic law of circular economy legal system; C. Found a comprehensive auxiliary regulations system; D. Build up some specific regulations system according to concrete attributes and requirements of various industries.Secondly, this thesis designs an integral architecture for this law: A. Human-oriented and maneuverability should be established as the core and fundamental ideas of "circular economy law". B. Basing on "3R principle" and treating "reduce" as the primary legislative principal, the law should insist the principle of "government guiding, market promoting, public participating" and combine administrative compulsion with economic support. C. This thesis introduces some scholars’ suggestions on this law, at the same time, the author design the legislation structure for this law included in seven chapters: including general rules, basic duty and management system, circular economy in the process of production and construction, circular economy in the process of circulation and consumption, encouragement measures, responsibility and supplementary provisions. Meanwhile, the article also uses the advanced experience of Germany environment legislation for reference.Thirdly, the thesis proposes some suggestions from three aspects including: government, enterprises and non-government organizations, general public. A. Government is responsible for establishing the strategy of circular economy. This law should be promoted, supervised, managed and directed by planning system, encouragement system, green national economy’s calculating system, assessment and evaluation system and market access system. B. The institution from enterprises and non-government organizations includes extended producer responsibility, circular product catalogue, and reward and payment system for recycling. C. The rules of genera public include extended consumer responsibility system, deposit system, and so on.更多还原