间接占有制度研究

【作者】 江河；

【导师】 赵万一；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 占有制度是一项古老的制度,其起源于罗马法和日尔曼法,是人类历史上最复杂、最有趣、争议最大的民法制度之一。占有制度是民法理论体系中一块重要的组成部分,是财产法律秩序的基础,其在维护社会和平,促进商品经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用。在物权法制定以前,我国民法尚且没有对占有制度进行明确规定,与该制度相关的一些物权制度,如取得时效、善意取得等均存在立法缺失。随着社会经济生活的逐步发展提高,处处都存在人们对物质财富的占有,物的归属和物的利用相分离的情况不断出现,我国新制定的物权法充分借鉴大陆法系国家的占有制度,确立了以调整占有人与非占有人之间因财产的占有、利用而发生的财产关系为范围的占有制度,弥补了我国在物权立法上的不足,实为物权立法中的巨大进步。但物权法中寥寥几条对占有制度的规定极不完善,并没有形成完整的占有制度体系,特别是间接占有制度的欠缺是对现实生活中大量间接占有现象的漠视,也使得一些民法制度没有相应的配套制度予以依托,不论在逻辑上还是在功能上都暴露出诸多不足之处。本文试图对占有制度、间接占有制度以及其他相关制度进行研究,其中特别对间接占有制度的起源、性质、成立要件等进行深入探讨,并在考察国外主要国家的相关立法制度基础上,结合我国现有立法和司法现状,指出间接占有制度的保护功能以及在相关制度构建中的立法价值。本文期望通过对间接占有制度的进一步全面梳理,能更好的完善占有制度体系。第一部分间接占有制度的历史考察。罗马法上的占有注重对财产归属的保护。在租赁关系中,承租人对物的事实占有视为出租人,即本权人的占有,没有多重占有的存在,因此间接占有也无法产生。日尔曼法在不动产上承认重叠占有的存在,日尔曼法上的Gewere为间接占有的最初形态。由于罗马法上的占有和日尔曼法上的占有的冲突和融合,德国民法典率先建立了间接占有制度。间接占有制度的设立是为了更好的保护间接占有人的利益。笔者在文章中还继续考察了法国、瑞士、日本、英美等国家以及我国台湾地区的占有制度立法例,我国欲建立间接占有制度,完善占有制度体系,可借鉴国外的相关立法例。第二部分占有与间接占有的性质。学者们一般认为占有的性质是事实而非权利,间接占有是通过一定法律关系形成的占有状态。有学者认为,间接占有仍然是一种事实状态,只不过它是以社会一般观念为确认标准而非物理事实,是占有观念化的产物,与直接占有不应有本质的区别。占有不仅包括物理上的支配,还包括社会观念认可的支配。也有学者认为间接占有是指间接占有人对物的一种关系,间接占有人可以从中享受在物的法律交往过程中的关于占有的一些法律作用。间接占有不能像直接占有一样产生对物的支配力,但却被法律假定为对物有支配力。如出租人对物并没有事实上的支配力,法律却赋予他们对物的虚设占有,在他人对物直接占有期间,出租人也是占有人,即间接占有。间接占有是一种虚设的占有,间接占有往往被等同于对物实际上的支配力。从以上两个方面可以看出,可以把间接占有视为事实上的占有,也可以把它视为虚设的占有。但这并不影响占有保护在间接占有上的适用。第三部分间接占有制度的功能及其意义本部分主要在间接占有与其他制度之间的结合以及间接占有的保护功能两个方面论述间接占有制度存在的必要性。间接占有虽不具有如同直接占有一般的公示效果,但公示效果本身的作用主要在于保护交易安全,保护第三人的利益。而间接占有制度的主要作用在于对间接占有人的保护,维护社会秩序的和平和稳定。故公示效果的欠缺并不影响间接占有制度的设立。间接占有与观念交付。现代民法理念在对占有人和物的关系上,认定该关系不仅仅局限于时间与空间的概念,基于法律关系而以他人为媒介者,也可成立占有。在民法体系中,各个法律概念相互紧密联系,彼此间存在紧密的逻辑关系,间接占有与观念交付之间就存在逻辑上的联系。交付被区分为现实交付和观念交付,与此相对应,占有也被区分为直接占有与间接占有。交付是从动的角度而言,占有是从静的角度而言。通过对物的现实交付产生对物的直接占有,二者作为物的公示手段存在辩证统一关系,同样,观念交付将导致间接占有的产生。我国现行《物权法》对简易交付、指示交付、占有改定都已经作出了明确规定。由于我国市场经济的建立,交易日益频繁,观念交付的存在大大丰富了动产物权的交付方式,弥补了现实交付的不足,观念交付的存在具有很大的必要性。既然交付可以抽象出观念交付,其结果也能使间接占有为人所接受。观念交付发展到一定阶段,占有的观念化是其导致的必然结果。间接占有与取得时效。如果没有间接占有,取得时效中的时间如何计算成为棘手问题。有学者建议用占有合并来替代间接占有在时效取得中所发挥的作用。我国现行《物权法》第五编对占有的规定只有寥寥几条,其中没有对占有合并的规定。笔者认为,占有合并适用于取得时效中的占有,不无疑问。1、从立法旨意来看,占有合并是为受让人制定的便利制度,如果直接占有人主张占有合并,将存在诸多限制,如占有合并仅适用于继受取得,原始取得不适用;前后占有的性质应该相同;后占有人要继受前占有人的瑕疵。2、关于后占有人继承前占有人的占有瑕疵问题,占有合并的限制还在于占有人要继受前占有的瑕疵,如有隐秘、强暴占有等瑕疵者,均应一并继承。而如前占有人欲通过主张占有合并来获得取得时效利益,则存在一定障碍。占有人之所以要继承前占有人的瑕疵,在于对占有的概括继受。而前占有人主张对后占有人占有的合并与间接占有相比,就不如间接占有对前占有人的保护力度强。因为间接占有人只要符合时效取得的规定,不论直接占有人是否为持续占有、无瑕疵占有,时效均能得到连续计算,对间接占有人更为有利。间接占有制度最重要的功能是对间接占有人的保护功能以及对社会秩序稳定和平的维护。笔者在本部分中重点对占有保护请求权之行使和第三人侵害占有两方面进行论述,以证明间接占有的保护功能无法被其他制度所替代,其存在具有自身价值。第四部分间接占有制度的设计通过以上论述证明间接占有确有存在的必要,本部分通过对国外相关制度的借鉴,对间接占有进行制度构建,希望能进一步完善我国现行《物权法》中对占有制度的规定。更多还原

【Abstract】 Possession system is an old system, originated from the law of Rome and the law of Germanic, which as one of the civil law system is most complex, most diverting, and most disputed. Possession system is an important part in civil system info, and is the base of property law in order. It can mainten the peace in sociaty, and accelerate the development of economy. Before constituting the law of property ,civil law in china is absence of possession system, and some correlative property systems ,such as positive prescription, goodwill acquire, are absence in civil law. Along with the development of economical live in sociaty, people possess property everywhere. The ascription of property and the utilization of property are attatched .The property law in China uses for reference the possession system in civil law, establishing possession system to regulate possession and utilization of property .It remedies the insuffciency of property law. It’s a great progress in property legislation. Possession system in property law is very faultiness, especially absence of indirect possession is disregarding phenomenal of indirect possession in living. Some systems can not be supported, discovering many deficiencies in logic and in function. The dissertation wants to study possession system, indirect possession and other related systems, and discuss the origin, character, important documents. This dissertation reviews some national related systems, combining legislations and judicatory in China, and indicats the function of protecting of indirect possession system. This dissertation expects to study indirect possession fully, and perfects possession system.Part I elaborates the history of indirect possessionPossession in Roman law pays attention to protect the ascription of property. In the relation of tenancy, the possession of leaseholder is regard to possession of lessor, viz.the possession of principal, without mulriple possession, so there is no indirect possession. Gewere in Teutonic law is the initial shape of indirect possession. Because of the conflict and integration of possession of Rome civil law and Gewere in Teutonic law. Germany civil law takes lead to establish the system of indirect possession to protect the interest of indirect possession person. In the article, I continue to review the case of legislation in France, Switzerland, Japan, Anglo-America and Taiwan area in China. We want to establish and perfect system of indirect possession ,we can use for reference to overseas related case of legislation.PartⅡthe nature of possession and indirect possessionScholars consider the nature of possession to be fact ,not right. Indirect possession is a state of possession shaped by certain relation of law. Some scholars think that indirect possession is a state of fact, only it is not a physic fact, but a production of conception of possession. It is different from the essential of direct possession. Possession not only include control in physical, but also include control in concept ratified by sociaty. Some scholars think indirect possession is a relation between person of indirect possession and substance. In the relation ,the person has some law effect in intercourse of law. Indirect possession is not like direct possession controlling substance, but it is assumed by law that it has ascendant. For instance, lessor does not have ascendant in fact, but he is endowed a nominal possession by law. When in the period of other possesses the substance, lessor is also a person of possession, viz.indirect possession. Indirect possession is a nominal possession which sometimes is equal to a ascendant in fact. From two aspects above, we can regard the indirect possession to be a possession in fact, also to be a nominal possession. In a word, whatever the protect of possession is applicable to indirect possession.PartⅢThe function and meaning of system of indirect possessionThis part mainly discusses the necessarily of indirect possession in two aspects in follows: one is the combination of the system of indirect possession and other related systems; the other is the protect function of indirect possession. Although indirect possession dose not have function of property publication as direct possession, the function of property publication is to protect safety of bargaining, protect the interest of a third part. The main function of indirect possession is to protect the person of indirect possession, to maintain the order and peace of sociaty. So deficiency of function of property publication is not influence on setting up system of indirect possession. Indirect possession and notional delivery. Modern times idea of civil law about the relation of person of possession and substance thinks that this relation not only localization at time and space, bases on relation of law and has go-between also possession comes into existence. In system of civil law, every concept of law is interosculate, each other has tight logic relation. Indirect possession is related with notional delivery in logic. Delivery is divided into real delivery and notional delivery, comparatively possession is divided direct possession and indirect possession. Delivery is in angle of dynamic, possession is in angle of static state. Direct possession is a result of real delivery, they are regarded to the means of property publication. The same is to the production of indirect possession. Existing property law has explicit provision on simple delivery, direction delivery and changeable possession. Because of the establishment of market economy and increasingly frequency bargains, notional delivery enriches manners of movable property delivery, and remedies the deficiency of real delivery. It is very necessary to establish notional delivery. Now that delivery includes notional delivery, indirect possession also should be accepted.Indirect possession and positive prescription. If there is no system of indirect possession, how to account time in positive prescription is a delicacy problem. Some scholars suggest that the combination of possession can substitute the function of indirect possession in positive prescription. The fifth part in the law of property only has several items about the system of possession, and there is no provision on the combination of possession. I think there are some questions on combination of possession being the same with positive prescription. 1、In the order of legislation ,combination of possession is to convenience to transferee. If person of direct possession claims the combination of possession, there will be a good many limitation. For instance, the combination of possession is only applicable to successable acquirement, not to original acquirement; the nature of former possession is the same as the later; the person of later possession should success the flaw belonging to the former. The person of later possession should success the flaw belonging to the former, such as secrete, violence should be successd. But if the former person of possession wants to acquire interest of positive prescription through claiming combination of possession, there is some obstacles. Comparing combination of the former possession and the later with indirect possession, indirect possession is more in favor of the former person of possession. Because if the person of indirect possession is accord with the provision of positive prescription, no matter the person of direct possession is continuance possessing or no flaw possessing substance, the time should be accounted continually. This is more favor of the person of indirect possession.The main function of the system of indirect possession is to protect the person of indirect possession and maintain stabilization and peace of sociaty. In this part, I mainly discuss the exertion of claim of protect possession and the third party infringes upon possession to prove that the protect function of indirect possession can not be substituted by other systems. The system of indirect possession has its own value.PartⅣDesign the system of indirect possessionThrough the discussing above, we prove the necessary of establishing system of indirect possession. This part through using for reference related systems in overseas, wants to constitute the system of indirect possession, and wishes to perfect the provisions about system possession in existing law of property.更多还原