【作者】 刘秀峰；

【导师】 王竹天； 杨大进；

【作者基本信息】 中国疾病预防控制中心 ， 公共卫生， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 背景近年来,食品安全问题得到国际社会的广泛关注,控制食品中病原微生物和有害化学物污染,降低食源性疾病的发生与流行,成为世界各国政府保障食品安全的重要目标,为了制订既适合国情,又符合国际规则的相关标准,有效地保障我国广大消费者的健康和安全,必须充分掌握我国食品污染和食源性疾病流行的基本数据。在化学污染方面,早在20世纪70年代,WHO就与联合国环境保护署（UNEP）共同启动了“全球环境监测规划/食品污染与监测项目”,其主要目的是监测全球食品中主要污染物的污染水平及其变化趋势,一些发达国家也相继建立了固定的监测网络和比较齐全的污染物和食品监测数据。在食源性致病菌污染方面,1995年美国CDC开始建立了食品安全监测网络,在5个州内对主要的食源性致病菌进行监测,包括单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O₁₅₇H₇、霍乱弧菌和耶尔森氏菌5种,通过监测发现污染食品,及时预警,同时发布食品安全信息。美国食品与药品管理局（FDA）在对国民公众的食品安全教育方面也起到了积极的作用,定期在网站上发布食品安全的警示信息,提醒公众。一直以来,我国对食品安全的监管是以对不安全食品的立法、清除市场上的不安全食品和负责部门认可项目的实施作为基础的。这些传统的做法由于缺乏预防性手段,故对食品安全现存及可能出现的危险因素不能做出及时而迅速的控制。我们必须建立一套评价和降低食源性疾病暴发的新方法,同时加强对与食品有关的化学、微生物及新的食品相关技术等危险因素的评价,从而逐步建立我国自己的食品安全评价体系,并在实践中加以不断完善。我国应采取国际认可的手段,尽快创建食品安全的评价标准,逐步建立和完善食品安全评价体系。做法主要包括:及时而适宜地对食品安全事件开展危险性评价,以便为国际和国家标准以及国家法律法规的制定提供依据;在全国范围内搜集食源性疾病和食品中有毒化学物质、致病菌污染的数据资料,及时、迅速地获取来自其他国家的危险性评价资料,就食源性疾病、食品中有毒化学物质和致病菌的污染以及微生物学危险性评价技术及数据加强与其他国家之间的有效交流。2002年在科技部的支持下,中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所完成了国家“十五”科技攻关项目——食品安全关键技术的研究中的“食品污染物监测及其健康影响评价的研究”和“食源性疾病监控技术的研究”部分,在全国初步建立了与国际接轨的食品污染物监测网和食源性疾病监测网。2003年至2005年随着全国食品污染物和食源性疾病监测网络的扩大和完善,持续加强了对国内问题突出或具有潜在危害的化学污染物、食物病原菌以及添加剂的监测、分析和危险性评估,取得显著进展和成果。通过对WTO推荐的和我国存在的重金属、农药残留等严重危害我国人民健康的有害物质的监测,基本掌握了我国食品污染物的污染状况,对污染物（重金属、农残）进行危险性评价,绘制了我国食品污染物污染状况,提出了以健康危险度管理为重点的防治措施,并建立了食品监督管理的预警系统。目的本课题旨在通过对顺义区内生产、销售的主要食品和餐饮单位的直接入口食品进行连续动态监测,以便了解食品中化学污染物的残留水平和直接入口食品食源性致病菌的污染现状,分析可能出现的食品安全问题,及时做出有效的预报和处置,并且建立统一协调的食品安全信息平台,把潜在的食品安全风险降到最小,以全面提升食品安全监管的效率。方法该课题研究分两部分内容,一部分是化学污染物监测系统,一部分是食源性致病菌监测系统。其中化学污染物监测系统选择的监测点包括顺义区主要的蔬菜、水果种植基地,大型商场超市和农贸市场,覆盖到全区的19个乡镇,样品包括10个大类、35个小类,监测项目包括重金属、农药残留和食品添加剂;食源性致病菌监测系统选择22个监测点包括5家奥运指定官方接待酒店、13家大型餐饮单位和4家中小型餐馆,按照大型餐饮单位占80%,中小型餐馆占20%的比例进行大肠菌群和9种常见致病菌的监测,共监测样品818件。结果1、食品中重金属的监测,对78件粮食、蔬菜、水果等样品进行重金属铅、镉、汞的监测,只有个别样品超出了国家规定的限量标准,除去极值后,从P₉₀分析样品均在国标限量范围内。2、食品中农药残留的监测,对38件蔬菜、水果等样品进行26种农药残留的监测,结果均为未检出。3、食品中食品添加剂的监测,对35件果汁饮料和白南瓜子进行甜味剂、防腐剂、人工合成着色剂和二氧化硫的监测,结果白南瓜子中的二氧化硫残留量较高,其他样品的检测结果均在国家限定的标准之内。4、食源性致病菌的监测,对700件直接入口的食品进行大肠菌群和9种食源性致病菌的监测,结果显示:直接入口的食品容易受到大肠菌群的污染,总体合格率为73.0%,其中鲜榨果蔬汁和熟肉制品的合格率较低。18件样品检出致病菌,包括16件金黄色葡萄球菌和2件单增李斯特菌,检出致病菌和条件致病菌的有5类食品,分别是凉拌菜（含豆制品）、炝拌菜、沙拉、熟肉制品、冷加工糕点。结论1、顺义区生产、销售的粮食、蔬菜、水果等样品重金属和农药残留状况令人满意。2、顺义区餐饮业的直接入口食品的卫生状况存在隐患,应加大监督监测力度,控制食品污染,确保食品安全。3、建立食品安全评估系统,及时研究分析食品安全的现状和形势,对潜在的食品安全风险降到最小,可以全面提升食品安全监管的效率,科学地做好北京市奥运食品安全保障工作。更多还原

【Abstract】 Background: In recent years, food safety issues have been a worldwide public health concern. Governments all over the world took the control of pathogenic micro-organisms and hazardous chemical contamination in food and reduction of the incidence of food-borne disease as the important target of ensuring the food safety. In order to formulate the standard that both is suitable for Chinese conditions and in accord with international rules, then effectively protect a great number of consumers health, we must take full advantage of China’s basic data on food contamination and foodborne disease prevalence.In the aspect of the chemical contamination, as early as the 1970s, WHO and the United Nations on the Environmental Protection Department (UNEP) jointly launched the "Global Environmental monitoring planning / food contamination and monitoring of projects", the purpose is to monitor the levels and trends of contamination. Then some developed countries have also established a fixed and relatively perfect monitoring network to collect basic data.In the aspect of the food-borne pathogens pollution, the U.S. CDCbegan a food safety monitoring network of food-borne pathogens in five major states in 1995 including: Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, Salmonella, EHEC O157H7, Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia , they can found that contaminated food and timely send warning through monitoring system, and publiced food safety information in timeU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also played a positive role in the national public food safety education regularly published the food safety warning message to the public on the website.All the while, formulating the legislation on unsafe food, clearing away unsafe food in market and carring out the projects certificated by relative department, all of which were took as the basis of China food safety supervision. These traditional practices can not make a timely and rapid control on existing and possible risk factors due to the lack of preventive measures. So we must establish a set of new way to evaluate and reduce foodborne disease outbreaks, while strength the evaluation on risk factors such as the food-related chemicals, microorganisms, and the new food-related technician, thus gradually establish China’s own food safety evaluation system, and constantly improve in practice.China should adopt internationally accepted means to create a food safety evaluation criteria as soon as possible, and gradually establish and improve food safety evaluation system, including: timely and appropriately conduct risk assessment on the incidence of the food safety, so as to provide the basis for formulating the international and the national standards and laws; collect the data on food-borne diseases and toxic chemicals in food in nation. Timely and promptly collect the risk assessment information on food-borne diseases, food pathogens and toxic chemicals from other countries; enhance the effective exchange of these relative information and data.With the support of Ministry of Science and Technology in 2002, the China CDC have accomplished the national 15th science and technology research projects - "food contamination monitoring and evaluation of health effects "And" food-borne disease surveillance technology of ", both of which are parts of Food safety key technology research, initially established the food contamination and food-borne disease network which connect with the international level.With the development of the national food contaminants and foodborne disease monitor network, continue to strengthen the monitoring, analysis and risk assessment on potentially harmful chemical contaminants, food additives and pathogen, and made some significant progress and outcomes. Through the monitoring of heavy metals, pesticide residues, and other serious harm ful substances, basicly took control of the China’s food contamination status and conduct risk assessment on the pollutants (heavy metals, pesticide residues), put forward prevention measures a focused on health-risk management , and established a early warning system of food supervision and management.Objects:To establish a food safety risk assessment system through continuous dynamic monitoring the main kinds of food in the Shunyi district production, so as to find out the residues level of chemical contaminants and pollution status of foodborne pathogens of table food, then to analyze potential food safety problems, promptly and effectively sent early warning and deal with these problems, meanwhile establish a unified and coordinated food safety information platform, minimize the risk as possible as we can, in order to fully enhance the efficiency of food safety supervision.Methods: This study included two parts; one is that chemical contaminants monitoring system, and another is that pathogenic bacterium monitoring system. The samples collected from some big cultivated base of vegetable and fruit, large shopping and 22 Catering units which included five official hotels serviced for Olympic games, Monitoring sites covered 19 villages and towns area, 818 samples were tested in heavy metals, pesticide residues, food additives and pathogens.Results: 1.78 samples were tested in heavy metals lead, cadmium, mercury, included grain, vegetables, fruits, and other samples; only a few of samples exceeded the limit.2. 38 samples were tested in pesticide residues, included vegetables, fruits, and other samples, none of all is detectable.3. 35 samples were tested in food additives, sweeteners, preservatives, artificial compositive colorant and sulphur dioxide, included juice drinks and pumpkin seeds, Pumpkin seeds were at a higher sulphur dioxide residue level, and other samples were negative.4. 700 samples of table food were tested in pathogens, included the coliform bacteria and 9 kinds of pathogens, the monitoring showed that: the table food was subjected to coliform bacteria contamination, the rate of negative samples was 73.0%, and lower rate at fresh fruit and vegetable juices and cooked meat products . 18 sample positive pathogens were detected, including 16 Staphylococcus samples and 2 Listeria monocytogenes samples.Conclusions:1. The samples, including grain, vegetables, and fruits in Shunyi District were contaminated by heavy metals and pesticide residue, were not serious; the result was satisfactory.2. The table food in the restaurant existed potential risks, it was necessary to enhance supervision and monitoring, and control food contamination to ensure food safety.3. To establish the food safety assessment system, timely analyze the food safety status, and minimize potential food safety risks for fully enhancing the efficiency of food safety supervision.更多还原