【作者】 谢杰；

【导师】 聂茂；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 文艺学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 独立纪录片是中国纪录片版图上非常重要的组成部分,它的产生有着复杂而深刻的社会原因,和一般纪录片相比,无论是表现的内容、形式还是特色、风格,它都有着自己鲜明的个性,其发展轨迹和生存状态有别于主流意识形态下的纪录片,具有民间“游牧性”和“潜历史”的文化特征。通过对社会文化背景的分析,本文指出了独立纪录片诞生的原因,认为中国社会的转型、政治环境的日益宽松、经济生活的持续发展、社会阶层的进一步分化、DV机的家庭化和社会大众的精神表达共同催生了独立纪录片的诞生,并且指出独立纪录片的诞生和发展具有非凡的意义和作用。相对于体制内纪录片的宏大叙事和官方影像历史叙述者的地位而言,独立纪录片以一种个人化的身份打破了对影像历史书写的话语垄断,冲击了主流媒体的话语霸权,以另类影像的方式承载了历史的记忆,从另一个方面构建起了一套对于社会历史影像的话语体系。本文将独立纪录片的发展划分为3个时期。1988年至1993年的萌芽时期,1993年至1999年的探寻发展时期,1999年至今的蓬勃发展时期。通过对各个时期代表人物和代表作品的梳理和分析,归纳总结了独立纪录片的发展脉络和每一阶段的文本特征。针对独立纪录片和体制内纪录片的差异,建立在理论阐释和个案分析基础上的本文,详细归纳和认真总结了独立纪录片的创作风格和特点:题材选择上的草根化倾向、创作视点上的平民化风格、拍摄记录上的纪实性追求以及整体制作上的个人化表现。独立纪录片在创作手法上的创新反叛以及对纪实性不懈追求深刻地影响了体制内的纪录片,并直接促进了体制内纪录片视角的转移。为了维护创作上的独立性,独立纪录片只能游走在体制内外,或者选择酒吧生存、社团生存、电影节等生存方式。最近几年,大学校园、网络特别是专业网站也成为了独立纪录片主要传播地,BT、电驴等多种下载方式给独立纪录片提供更方便的传播流通方式。面对商业化浪潮的冲击,独立纪录片在经历一段时间的繁荣之后陷入了生存的困境。资金的缺乏使得独立创作队伍倍受考验,文本创作和节目录制也相应受阻。对于边缘题材的过度青睐导致了创作主体的单一和重复,在内容和风格上鲜见新意。由于大量非专业人士的涌入,一些制作粗制滥造,节奏拖沓冗长,晦涩难懂,还有一些作品丧失了应有的艺术性和思想性,导致质量整体下降。DV盛行一度给独立纪录片的发展带来了前所未有的契机,但是由于对于个人私密空间的过多介入也引发了人们对于道德伦理和隐私权的思考,这些都是独立纪录片发展中不得不正视的问题。在新的历史条件下,机遇与挑战并存。目前,独立纪录片呈现出一种“走出去”的突围态势。一方面,独立纪录片加大了与主流媒体的融合,开始走专业化和精品化的路线;另一方面,遵循市场规律,积极参与国际预卖,走国际化路线。与此同时,一些独立制作者也加大了对专业网站的开发和利用,采取网上直销的手段来筹募资金,等等。尤为可喜的是,独立创作者也开始跳出孤芳自赏和自娱自乐的圈子,不断调整自身的创作,以适应市场和大众的需要。可以预见,独立纪录片生存境况在经历了一段困顿、彷徨和整合之后,必将以新的更好的方式,找准自己的发展方向,实现其应有的传播价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Independent Newsreel is one of the most important components in Chinese newsreels’ territory, it is the complex and profounding social reasons that produce the Independent Newsreel, which has its own unique individualities in its contents、forms、features and styles compared with the General Newsreel, and it also differs from the other newsreels which under the auspieces of mainstream ideology in its developing tracks and existing conditions. Generally speaking the Independent Newsreel has folk "nomadic" and "superficial history" cultural characters.By analyzing the cultural backgrounds of the society, the thesis demonstrates the reasons of its birth. The thesis analyzes that the transformation of society、increasing liberal political environment、the polarization of the social classes、the utilization and popularization of household DVs and spiritual expression of the public expedite the birth and development of the Independent Newsreel, it also points out that the birth and development of the Independent Newsreel have unusual significances and effects. Compare with great narration of the "inner system" Newsreel and the position of the official video history narrator, the individuated & exploited Independent Newsreel breaks the video history writing discourse monopoly and impacts the discouse hegemony of the mainstream media. In different video ways, the Independent Newsreel has borne the memory of its long history and has constructed a set of discourse system of the sociel history video from the other aspect.This thesis divides the development of the Independent Newsreel into three periods. The budding period: from 1988 to 1993; the seeking & growing period: from 1993 to 1999, the vigorous growing period: from 1999 up to the present. By organizing and analyzing the representative characters and representative works of each individual period, this thesis concludes the venations of the Independent Newsreel’s development and its version characteristics of each indivial period.Aimed at the differences between the Independent Newsreel and "inner system" Newsreel, based on theory explaination & case analysis, this thsis discusses in detail and concludes conscientiously the writing styles & characteristics of the Independent Newsreel: grass roots tendency in the choice of subject、ordinary style in the wrting angle、documentary seek in the photograghic records and the individuality of an overall making. Its innovation and rebellion in writing techniques together with the untiring pursuit in the documentary writing, have profoundly influenced the "inner system" Newsreel and have directly stimulated the diversion of the "inner system" Newsreel’s writing angles. In order to maintain the independence in the creation, the Independent Newsreel can just stroll inside or outside the system, or choose the other living styles, such as barroom、combo、film festival etc. In recent years the campus and the website, especially the professional websites are also becoming its main transmitting fields. The BT、the telephonic donkey and other downloading methods have also provided more convenient ways of its transmitting and circulating.Facing the impacts of the waves of commerce, the Independent Newsreel came to a deadlock of surviving after experiencing a period of thriving and prosperous. The Independent Newsreel’s forces are doubly suffered, its version creating & programmme recording are blocked consequently for lacking of funds. Overfavouring the fringe theme caused the writing subject’s singleness and repetition, and it is rare to bring any new ideas in the content and writing styles. Owning to the inbursting of large numbers of laypeople、the rough manufacturing、the sluggish and lengthy rhythm and the obscuring in understanding, some of the works have lost the essence of art and thought, and thus caused the total decline in quality. The prevailing of DVs has once brougt chances of never heard before, while the over-intervene in other’s private spaces has elicited moral and ethical thinking. All these problems are unavoidable in the developing process of the Independent Newsreel.The new historical condition meets the existence of both opportunity and challenge. The Independent Newsreel appears on the tendency of "going outside" at present. On the one hand, it increases the integrating steps with the mainstream media, and starts the route of specialization & seeking top-quality; on the other hand it actively participates in international pre-arranged sale following the patterns of market principles, and begins the way of internationalization. At the same time some independent fiction faculties have increased the using and exploring of the professional websites, and they have raised funds by direct sale via internet as well. To our great gratification, in order to meet the needs of markets and the public, the Independent Newsreel’s creators begin to jump out of indulging in self-admiration & diverting itself, adjust itS creations frequently. So we can predicate that the Independent Newsreel must find a new develping direction and must be in a new better way to carry its well-deserved transmitting value into effect after experiencing a period of exhaustion、hesitation and integration.更多还原