【作者】 万传华；

【导师】 吴家清；

【作者基本信息】 广东商学院 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 健康权是许多国际公约和国内宪法承认的一项基本权利。根据《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》(ICESCR,1966)对健康权的规定:人人有权享有能够达到最高的体质和心理健康的标准。换言之,健康权内涵人人享有体质健康权和心理健康权。但是,不论在理论上还是实践上,人们对健康权的关注主要倾向于体质健康权方面,心理健康权保护常常被忽视。心理健康问题——作为一个全球性的问题——正伴随着现代化的进程而日益凸显出来。世界卫生组织(WHO)专家曾断言,从现在起到本世纪中期,没有任何一种灾难能像心理危机那样给人们带来持续而深刻的痛苦,就疾病发展史而言,可以说人类已经进入了“心理疾病时代”。有的学者把这种病象称为“时代病”或“文明病”,因为它是这个时代造成的,是文明社会所带来的;有的学者把问题根源归咎于现代化的“两面性”——它的负面效应。这些释因从微观层面似乎很牵强,但从宏观层面分析,现代化的背景正是催生大众心理健康问题的根源。通过研究我们认为,人类现代化的图景是营造心理健康问题的宏大背景,其对人们心理系统的“冲击”超出了个体心理能够积极应对和有效处理的阈限,威胁到“人像人那样”的生存。正如前辈们所阐释的,制度性弊病而造成个人依靠自我能力而不能生存的思想孕育了生存权思想的萌芽。这种以积极保障公民生存条件为基本特征的生存权理论在二战后得到各国宪法的承认并日益国际化。心理健康权,即精神健康权,是一种具有生存权性质的社会权,是社会变迁对人们心理系统的适应性和承受力产生的冲击超出了其所能积极应对和有效处理的阈限而依赖国家提供一定的设施、物品或服务的权利。人类生活的本质,就在于人有精神生活,对精神健康的关注就是对人的根本性的关注。因此,心理健康权是健康权的重要内容,是人体质健康基础上的更高层次的基本权利需求。通常情况下,心理学或医学等领域的学者和专家从微观或中观层面探索个体或群体的心理健康问题,主张心理问题自我适应和调适,力图从主观上寻找问题的根源。而本文试图从宏观层面阐释心理健康权是人人皆应享有的一种基本权利,国家在公民心理健康方面提供最基本的义务,从客观上探求解决问题之道。具体地说,本文拟从国际人权法学和宪法学角度研究心理健康权的宪法权利属性,在此基础上界定心理健康权的概念,分析权利的主体和内容,阐述国家在公民心理健康权保护的基本义务,探求心理健康权实现。这种以法学为视角,论述心理健康权是一种基本人权,将心理健康问题置于法治国家的大背景下进行研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The right of health is a fundamental human right which is indispensable for the exercise of other human rights. Every human being is entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health conducive to living a life in dignity. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides the most comprehensive articles on the right to health in international human rights law. In accordance with article 12.1 of the Covenant, States parties recognize "the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health". That is to say that everyone should enjoy the right to physical health and the right to mental health. But researches on the right to health are focused on the right to physical health theoretically or practically so that the right to mental health are often ignored. In reality, the problems of mental health have become one of threat to everyone’s life. Some people even maintained that human have entered the times of psychological disease.We contend that the process of modernization is contributed to the severe problems of mental health. When mental health problems over a certain limit of human survival, the state should provide some help as people like the people’s survival. After World War II, such a positive conditions for the protection of citizens to survive basic characteristics of survival theory are recognized by Constitution and increasingly internationalized. The right to mental health is a social right. Specifically, it is a right of the need for the state to provide active help while social change on people’s psychological system adaptability and affordability of the impact exceeded its positive response. The right to mental health is the access to all kinds of facilities, services and preconditions needed for the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of living, which are most provided by the country. Mental health is an important part of the right to health, and is a human on the basis of a higher level of demand for basic rights.This paper attempts to explain the right to mental health is a human right and everyone should have the basic right from a macro perspective. Specifically, this paper intends to explore the right to mental health of concept, nature, national obligations and realization from international human rights law and constitutional perspective.更多还原