【作者】 张燕锋；

【导师】 林逢春；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 随着人类社会经济发展的不断加快,人类对自然环境的影响不断扩大,环境污染、生态恶化、资源短缺等已成为各国面临的重大问题。环境友好型社会理念是因环境问题而起,并为了从根本上解决环境问题而形成的一个包括经济、政治、文化和技术等因素在内的综合性和整体性的战略思维成果。建设环境友好型社会须建立一套科学、完整、适用的理论与评价方法,来对环境友好型社会的建设进行评估、监测和预警。然而,环境友好型社会建设理论与实践目前仍处于探索阶段,对环境友好型社会的构成等理论开展系统研究,进而建立一套符合我国国情的环境友好型社会指标体系和评估方法,对我国各地区加快建设环境友好型社会具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文对环境友好型社会理念的认识基础、理论和实践基础等进行了系统的研究,在此基础上提出了环境友好型社会的科学内涵,并对环境友好型社会与相关概念进行了辨析。从社会学和系统论的角度,结合环境科学理论背景,对环境友好型社会的基本构成和整体构成进行了系统的研究,深入分析了环境友好型社会的基本组成要素,并对环境友好型社会的建设途径进行了初步研究。在此研究基础上,初步构建了一套环境友好型社会评价指标体系与评估方法。为了更好的将环境友好型社会评估体系应用于实践,本文对我国东部地区六个城市进行了实证评价与比较分析;同时对上海市闵行区进行了回顾评价,在此基础上对闵行区环境友好型社会建设面临的主要问题及对策措施进行了初步研究。本文研究结果包括以下几个方面:(1)从社会结构体系三个最基本构成要素的角度分析,环境友好型社会基本构成由环境友好的社会行为主体、良好的自然环境、崇尚环境道德与生态文明的社会文化构成;政府、企业和公众作为环境干预的主体,理应成为主要的建设环境友好型社会的行为主体。从社会结构的基本构成要素及各要素之间相互关系的角度进行分析,环境友好型社会整体构成包括五个基本要素:崇尚环境道德与生态文明的思想文化体系、绿色政治制度、环境友好型经济发展模式、环境友好的社会行为主体和良好的自然环境。(2)采用环境友好型社会综合指数来衡量区域环境友好型社会建设水平,一级指标尝试提出“人对环境友好度”和“环境对人友好度”这两个概念来衡量人与自然环境之间的相互关系;其中,“人对环境友好度”包括“经济发展模式”、“社会生活方式”、“环境管理及文化”三个二级指标,“环境对人友好度”包括“自然资源”和“环境质量”两个二级指标;在这些二级指标下面又设有相应的三级指标,最终构成一个由三级指标所组成的层次结构。同时,采用主、客观综合集成法确定各评价指标的权重,并采用模糊综合指数法进行综合评价。(3)采用本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系对2005年我国东部地区六个城市环境友好型社会建设进行现状评价,环境友好型社会综合指数排序为:广州(77.4)＞青岛(76.3)＞宁波(74.8)＞杭州(74.4)＞上海(73.8)＞南京(72.7),六个城市环境友好型社会建设水平均较高,达到“良好”级别;其中以广州环境友好型社会建设总体水平为最高,主要与其环境质量状况较好、经济发展模式的环境友好程度较高有关;南京表现较差,相对而言其经济发展模式和社会生活方式的环境友好程度尚待改进。实证研究表明,本文构建的环境友好型社会评估体系具有较好的适用性,可较为准确地反映各地区环境友好型社会建设的实际水平。(4)以上海市闵行区为案例区域,对该区域2000～2005年环境友好型社会建设进行回顾评价研究,结果表明:闵行区环境友好型社会建设水平总体上呈递增状态,2000～2002年环境友好型社会综合指数增长较小,2003～2005年进步较快,达到“良好”级别。上海市闵行区在环境友好型社会建设实践中,面临人地矛盾突出、能源需求压力较大、地表水环境污染严重、经济发展模式仍待转变、社会生活节约程度不高等问题;在今后环境友好型社会建设中应着重加强以下几个方面的工作:一是优化土地资源配置,提高土地节约集约利用水平;二是积极调整能源消费结构,全面推进节能降耗工作的开展;三是加强环保基础设施建设,提高区域水污染防治能力;四是大力发展循环经济,积极推进清洁生产;五是积极倡导居民绿色消费,推进节约型社会建设。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the rapid development of society and economy, the impacts exerted on natural environment by human activities are becoming more and more serious. The environmental pollution, ecological deterioration and resource scarcity have been the serious problems in all countries. The concept of environment-friendly society has arose from environmental problems, and been the comprehensive results of strategic thinking which includ economic, political, cultural and technological factors to solve environmental problems radically. The construction of environment-friendly society needs a set of scientific, integrated and suitable theory and evaluation method for evaluation and monitoring. However, the theory and practice of environment-friendly society construction are still in the exploring stage. It has important realistic significance and theoretic value to research the theory of environment-friendly society systemically and establish a set of indicator system and evaluation method.In this paper, the conception of environment-friendly society has been comprehended exactly and defines explicitly by researching the theory and practice basis of environment-friendly society.The relationships between environment-friendly society and relevant concepts have been analyzed. The basic structure and overall structure of environment-friendly society have been analyzed systemically. And then, the construction approaches of environment-friendly society have been researched preliminarily. Based on the study mentioned above, a set of indicator system and evaluation method have been established preliminarily. For applying the evaluation system to practice, demonstration study had been done including six cities in east China and Minhang district in Shanghai. Then, analyzed the problems existing in the construction of environment-friendly society in Minhang and provided some countermeasures. The main conclusion in this paper are as follow:(1) Analyzed from the angle of three most basic elements of social structure, environment-friendly society is constituted basically with environment-friendly behavior body, favorable natural environment and social culture advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization. Analyzed from the angle of basic elements of social structure and mutual relations of them, the overall structure of environment-friendly society including ideological and cultural system advocating environmental ethics and ecological civilization, green political system, environment-friendly economic development mode, environment-friendly social behavior body and favorable natural environment.(2) The environment-friendly society composite index was used to measure the level of environment-friendly society construction in different regions. One-level indicator was attempted to use the concepts, "friendly degree of human to environment" and "friendly degree of environment to human", to measure mutual relations between human and environment. The indicator "friendly degree of human to environment" includes three two-level indicators: economic development mode, social life style, environmental management and culture. The indicator "friendly degree of environment to human" includes two two-level indicators: natural resource and environmental quality. Finally, the indicator system of environment-friendly society is composed by 42 three-level indicators.(3) The result of evaluation of environment-friendly society construction in six cities of East China in 2005 indicates that: Guangzhou(77.4) > Qingdao(76.3) > Ningbo(74.8)>Hangzhou(74.4)>Shanghai(73.8)>Nanjing(72.7). The levels of environment-friendly society construction in the six cities are comparative high, and all of them achieved the level "good". The environment-friendly society composite index of Guangzhou is highest among the six cities, because of its good performances in environmental quality and economic development mode. While the index of Nanjing is the lowest, because of its poor performances in economic development mode and social life style. The demonstration study shows that, the indicator system of environment-friendly society established in this paper has better applicability, and could reflect the actual level of environment-friendly society construction in different areas accurately.(4) The evaluation of environment-friendly society construction of Minhang District from 2000 to 2005 indicates that: The level of environment-friendly society construction in Minhang had been improving annually, and achieved the level "good" in 2005. The environment-friendly society composite index had been increasing slowly from the year 2000 to 2002, and increasing quickly from the year 2003 to 2005. Contrapose the existed problems in construction of environment-friendly society, Minhang should strengthen the efforts as following:①optimize allocation of land resources and improve the level of intensive utilization of land;②adjust energy consumption structure actively and promote energy conservation roundly;③strengthen infrastructure construction for environmental protection to improve the capacity of water pollution control;④develop recycling economy vigorously and push forward cleaner production actively;⑤sparkplug green consumption and promote construction of economical society.更多还原