基于GIS的北京山区地质灾害风险评价研究

【作者】 李岩；

【导师】 李小娟； 赵文吉；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 地质灾害是由于自然或人为诱发的对人民生命和财产安全造成危害的地质现象。北京地区的地质灾害主要有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷、隐伏岩溶塌陷和砂土液化。随着城市的发展、人口的剧增、各种社会经济活动和工程建设的发展,地质灾害程度日益加重。北京市是我国的首都,全国的政治文化中心,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害不断发生已经引起社会的广泛关注。为满足对地质灾害的防治与预测的要求,地质灾害评价已成为辅助决策过程的重要工具之一。针对北京地质灾害的特点,在GIS技术的支持下,研究北京山区地质灾害的特点、分布并进行风险评价,有助于更好地认识北京地质灾害的发生、发展过程,从而更有效地进行防灾减灾,对保护人民的生命和财产安全具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。本文研究的地质灾害主要是崩滑塌和泥石流,研究区域为北京有山地分布的十个区县,自北向南分别是延庆县、怀柔区、密云县、昌平区、平谷区、门头沟区、海淀区、石景山区、丰台区和房山区,研究区总面积约12878平方公里,占全市面积的78.6%。研究目的是从地质灾害形成的基本条件、诱发条件等分析入手,判明哪些区域最容易发生崩滑塌、泥石流,以及发生地质灾害的概率等。研究方法主要是通过地质灾害形成因子分析,在GIS技术支持下,采用因子叠加和数理统计等定性或定量的方法,结合地质灾害实地调查结果,判断北京山区地质灾害发生的概率,即进行地质灾害风险评价。主要研究内容与研究成果如下:(1)研究了北京山区地质环境条件和地质灾害的现状,分析了其发生、发展过程。在分析共性的基础上,提取北京发生地质灾害的影响因子。(2)初步建立了适合北京市山区的地质灾害风险评价指标与分级标准,包括泥石流危险性评价指标与分级标准、崩滑塌危险性评价指标与分级标准、地质灾害易损性指标。(3)研究了北京山区地质灾害指标因子的提取技术和方法,结合遥感和GIS技术得到了评价指标因子图,对提取的过程中的问题和难点进行了讨论。(4)应用层次分析法对北京山区地质灾害进行了评价,很好地反映了北京山区地质灾害风险程度。本文初步尝试了对北京山区地质灾害进行风险评价,评价结果表明北京大部分山区地质灾害风险为低风险区,高风险区主要分布在怀柔中部和平谷北部地区。更多还原

【Abstract】 Geological Hazards is the geological hazard phenomenon on the people’s lives and property safety due to natural or human-induced. Rockfall, slides, mudslides, surfaces collapse, hidden karst collapses, and Sand Liquefaction are the main form of Beijing geological disasters. Urban development, population increase, various socio-economic activities and the development of construction projects increase the degree of geological disasters. Beijing is the capital of China, the country’s political and cultural centre. Geological disasters such as collapses, landslides, mud-rock flow have occurred continuously and caused widespread concern in society. Risk assessment of geological disasters in supporting the decision-making process has become one of the important tools to meet the prevention and forecast requirements of the geological disaster. Studying geological disasters in Beijing on the characteristics, distribution and risk assessment according to the mountainous areas with GIS technology , contributed to a better understanding of the chance and the development process of the geological disasters in Beijing, in order to carry out disaster prevention mitigation more effectively. There is of great theoretical and practical significance for the protection of the people’s life and property safety.Rockfall, slides and landslides on a mountainous region of Beijing for the 10 districts and counties are studied in this paper. They are Yanqing County, Miyun County, Huairou District, Changping District, Pinggu District, Mentougou District, Haidian District, Shijingshan District, Fengtai District and Fangshan District from north to south. The total study area is about 12,878 square kilometers, accounting for 78.6 percent of the city’s area. Purpose of the study is the formation of geological disasters from the basic conditions for the analysis of induced conditions, which can identify the most vulnerable to collapse regional slump, mud-rock flows, as well as the probability of occurrence and other geological disasters. Our aim is to judge the probability of the occurrence of geological disasters in Beijing mountain areas in the GIS technical support through the formation of factor analysis of geological disasters and a factor superposition and mathematical statistics, qualitative or quantitative methods with the findings of geological disasters in the field, namely, Risk Assessment of Geological Hazards. The main Research and its main results are as follows:(1)The geological environment conditions and the status of geological disasters in Beijing mountain areas are studied, the analyzing its occurrence and development process. The impact factor of geological disasters in Beijing is distilled on the basis of the common analysis.(2) Beijing risk evaluation index and classification criteria of the geological disasters in mountainous areas are for the initial establishment, including risk assessment of debris flow indicators, classification standards, collapsing slump risk evaluation index, classification standards and geological disasters vulnerability indicators.(3) Extraction techniques and methods of indicators of geological disasters in Beijing mountain are studied. The problems and difficulties on the extraction process were discussed, combining remote sensing and GIS technology to evaluate indicators of maps.(4)Degree of risk of geological disasters in the mountain areas in Beijing is reflected perfectly, With the application of Analytic Hierarchy Process on the mountain of geological disasters for the evaluation.Risk assessment of a preliminary geological disasters in mountainous areas of Beijing is attempted in this paper. The results show that most of the mountains of geological disasters in Beijing risks as low-risk, and high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the central of Huairou and in the northern region of Pinggu.更多还原