【作者】 闫瑞华；

【导师】 卢平林；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 田径运动是体育运动的基础,是目前世界上衡量一个国家和地区体育运动水平高低的重要标准,在奥运会各大项中,田径金牌数最多,故有“得田径者得天下之说”。因此,如何最大限度地提高少年田径运动员的成材率是世界各国研究的话题。一些有关的学者通过调查研究表明,我国的少年田径运动的水平与世界同龄运动员所表现的竞技水平相似,甚至有的项目是处于世界青年田径水平前列的。但是成年后的成绩就出现下降趋势或“停止”现象,最终以早衰告退。大量的资料显示:世界高水平田径运动员高水平竞技阶段的持续时间为14年,而我国的田径运动员大多在25岁以前就退役了,他们中的绝大多数还没有达到最佳成绩或者正在保持最佳成绩,究其原因是多方面的。田坛新秀的过早退役给我国的田径发展带来了不利影响。因此,我们有必要对这些原因进行深入的探讨和研究。作为逐渐成为田径水平主要代表的优秀少年田径运动员,其竞技后备力量是决定一个国家整体竞技水平的源头活水。而我国的竞技体育长期以来一直实行少体校、地方队和国家队的“三级体制”,作为“金字塔”塔基的少体校是保障优秀运动员来源的重要基地,少体校训练工作的成功与否,直接影响到我国、我区体育运动发展的兴衰。随着我国经济体制改革和教育体制改革的不断深化,计划经济下形成的少体校在当今以市场经济为主的改革大潮流中受到前所未有的冲击,其弊端也日渐显露。因此,我们要找出影响少年田径运动员成长的因素,改进和提高他们的运动能力,争取为田径运动的发展提供更多、更优秀的人才。通过对广西区一些知名教练和专家的访谈,获知目前广西区影响少年田径运动员成长因素主要存在以下几方面:经费短缺、生源不足、运动损伤、竞赛体制、心理素质的培养、选材、教练员的业务素质等。由此可以看出广西的田径竞技人才培养方面存在着很多问题。而少年田径运动员则是田径竞技后备人才的主力军,因此,我们应及时的发现少年运动员在培养和输送的过程存在的种种不利于他们成长的因素,并采取合理有效的措施和手段来解决这些问题。通过走访、专家访谈法、问卷调查法、文献资料法和数据统计等研究方法,对上述内容进行研究得出主要结论:1广西基层体校在设备仪器尤其是有关选材方面测试的仪器尤为贫乏,目前的选材方法主要是教练员根据各种相关测试和评定进行选材,此外学校和教练员与学生家长也缺乏一定的信息沟通。2运动训练缺乏科学和系统性,在实际的运动训练中多年训练计划不能很好的实施。3少年运动员在训练中出现运动损伤的人数比较多,而且有的运动员在损伤后还留有不同程度的后遗症。4基层少年田径运动员训练的时间和次数都能得到保障,但是训练的专业性却比较接近成人化。5少年运动员竞赛制度的不完善,比赛中的虚报年龄和冒名顶替的事情经常发生。由于经费不足的原因,一些体校不能参加比赛。6广西少年田径运动员在训练中医务监督没有保障,主要是因为学校中的医疗条件和设施非常有限。7广西基层教练员的年龄结构和学历层次基本符合对教练员的要求。对于运动员退役直接任教的教练员,他们的文化素质和专业理论水平存在的不足。教练员知识结构、工作能力有待进一步的加强和提高。调查显示,田径教练员对心理训练认识较浮浅,心理训练的方法掌握不多,心理训练没有系统性。教练员奖金低的问题也得引起体育局有关部门和校领导的重视。8基层体校的经费存在着严重的不足,主要靠国家拨款和自筹经费,没有很好的创收渠道。体校场地的设施还没有保障,运动队管理中学生的管理问题、教练员和运动员的激励机制以及教练员、运动员和任课老师之间的配合关系也存在着很多问题。主要建议:1通过不断的学习,提高教练员的业务素质。加强教练员对各个项目的选材标准、素质要求及各年龄阶段的运动员身体发育基本特征的了解,将田径运动员身体素质的基本特点与田径项目的要求有机地结合起来,认真做好初步选拔和重点选拔的各项工作。并重视家长与学校和教练员的信息沟通。2教练员明确少年运动员不同年龄阶段训练的任务和要求,遵循少年身体生长发育规律,着重从培养运动员的长远目标出发,制定好各个年龄段的训练计划。在训练中应注意训练方法和手段的变化及运动负荷的合理安排,按训练计划系统的进行训练。3教练员除了必须掌握先进的训练方法和科学的手段外,还要很好的把握运动员训练的量和强度,针对每个队员不同的情况,采用相适应的运动量、运动强度,并且把训练计划在队员练习过程中体现出来,得以证实。4基层田径教练员肩负着防止少年运动员伤病的重任,不仅要让学生从思想上重视,而且在准备活动和训练中也要学会保护和自我保护的能力。5完善竞赛制度和奖励制度。借鉴国内外先进经验,对少年实行全能比赛,三项全能、五项全能、七项全能等,以及提高少年田径运动员的全面素质。注重培养淡化比赛意识,增强锻炼、长期培养的目标意识。完善现行奖励制度,在奖励时要注重物质奖励和精神奖励相结合。6加强学校医务室的医疗检查力度和学生运动员自我监督的能力。7对基层教练员进行培训,加强心理训练理论和训练方法的学习。在平时的训练中注重用专业有效的训练方法对学生运动员进行心理素质的培养。8使经费的来源多样化,注重场地的维修和保养,改善运动队的管理。更多还原

【Abstract】 Track and field is the foundation of sports. Nowadays, track and field is an important criterion measuring the sports level of countries and regions in the world. In Olympic Games, it plays an important role. As the saying goes,“Those who win track and field win the games.”Therefore, how to cultivate more successful juvenile athletes is a hot topic among countries in the world. Some scholars’investigations show that the china’s juvenile athletes are on an average level with their peer athletes of other countries in track and field and they are on the top of some track and field games. However, they are on a stage of declining or remaining on the same level after they become adults. At last they retire whey they are still very young. Lots of investigations show that top athletes serve for about fourteen year on average, while the athletes of China retire before twenty five years old when most of them haven’t reach their top position or when they are still on their best level. There are many reasons for that. The premature retirement of the new stars of track and field has adversely affected the development of China’s track and field.The outstanding juvenile athletes have become the representative of track and field and the level of reserve forces is the fountainhead determining the level of sports competition of a country. The“three-tier system”has long been China’s sports competition system being composed of sports high schools, local team and national team. As the foundation of this pyramid, sports high school is the base providing elite athletes, the result of its training work will affect the sports development of China and of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Along with the continuous deepening of China’s reform of economic system and education system, which are formed under planed economy system, are affected unprecedentedly in the trend of market-oriented reforms. What’s more, its drawbacks are increasingly exposed. Therefore, we should identify the advantageous factors affecting the growth of juvenile athletes of track and field, so as to enhance their exercise capacity and provide more excellent athletes for track and field. Through the interviews with some well-known coaches and experts in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, we can see that the factors affecting the growth of Guangxi juvenile athletes are as the following: a shortage of fund, lack of students, sports injury, contests system, the quality of psychological training, selection of athletes and the professional quality of coaches, etc. The problems existing in the cultivation of athletes for Guangxi track and field sports competition can be seen from this. Juvenile athletes of tract and field events are main force of reserve force for the competition of track and field. Therefore, we should timely find out the disadvantageous factors affecting the growth of juvenile athletes while training them so as to take reasonable and effective measures to solve these problems.After investigations and using research methods,questionnaires, law and literature research and statistical data research, the following conclusion can be made:1. The primary sports school lack of facilities, especially the facilities for athletes selection. The selection methods at present mainly depend on coaches who select athletes according to the result of some contests and assesses. Besides, there are little information exchange among sports school, coaches and parents.2. The sports training is not scientific and systematic. The training plans which have been made for year can’t put into practice.3. A large number juvenile athletes hurt themselves in the training. What’s worse, some of them have sequels more or less.4. Although the training time and frequency of junior athletes can be guaranteed, the professionalism of the training is relatively close to adults.5. The competition system for juvenile athletes is imperfect. Things that athletes give false age and identity happen very often. What’s more, some sports school can participate in the competition because of inadequate fund.6. The medical supervision in the training for juvenile athletes of track and field can be guaranteed. It’s mainly because the medical condition and facilities are limited in sports schools.7. The age structure education degree of coaches in Guangxi meets the requirements of coach. Those coaches who take the task of training directly after retirement are not qualified because of deficiency in quality of culture and professional knowledge. Their structure knowledge and ability should be further improved. Some researches show that coaches of track and field are on a superficial under standing psychological training. They know few methods of psychological training and their psychological training is not systematic. Besides, the problem of their low bonus show also attach sports school leader’s and relevant department’s attention.8. Most sports schools rely on national appropriating funds and self-financing. They have no ways of making money. So they has a sever problem of inadequate fund. What’s more, facilities of some sports school can be guaranteed and there are many problems, such as the management of sports teams, bonus system for coaches and athletes, and cooperation between coaches, athletes and teachers. Main suggestion:1. Raise the professional quality of coaches through their learning; deepen their understanding on the selection criteria for different events, on quality requirements and on their physical development of athletes at different ages; associate athletes’physical qualities with different track and field organically; do well in preliminary selection and key selection; attract importance of communication between parents, sports school and coaches.2. Coaches should clarify tasks and requirements for juvenile athletes of different ages and follow their physical growth rules. They should focus on the long-term training goals for athletes and make out training plans for athletes at different ages. They should also pay attention to training methods and make arrangements according to amount of physical exercise reasonably, scientifically and systematically.3. Apart from mastering advanced methods and scientific means for training, coaches should also know well about amount and intensity of exercise. They should arrange suitable exercise amount and intensity according to different athletes. And their training plans should be shown in the athletes’training.4. The primary coaches of track and field shoulder the responsibility of preventing injury of juvenile athletes. They must attract athletes’attention to preventing injury mentally and they should also improve their self-protecting ability in preparation activities and in training.5. Perfect competition system and incentive system; learn from domestic and foreign advanced experience with implementation of all-around competition for adolescents,such as Triathlon, modern pentathlon and heptathlon, as well as improve juvenile athletes’over-all qualities; pay attention to weaken the awareness of competition and strengthen the awareness of training and long-term cultivation; improve the present incentive system integrating material and mental incentives and rewards.6. Strengthen the intensity of medical inspection of the school infirmary and students’ability of self-monitoring.7. Train the primary coaches, especially on psychological and theoretical training and training methods; in peacetime, lay stress on cultivation of athletes’mentality with professional and effective training methods.8. Diversify the sources of funding, pay attention to the repair and maintenance of venue and improve the management of sports teams.更多还原