【作者】 万晓霞；

【导师】 赵光平；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 在科学探究过程中,猜想和假设是否正确,必须经由实验来检验;而实验对于后续的证据收集、检验与评价、表达与交流这些环节来说则更是不可或缺的重要基础。一个科学探究活动能否顺利完成,与设计实验这一环节有着直接的联系。研究也表明,设计实验是实验问题解决过程的中心环节。但是,对学生的科学探究能力现状进行的调查表明,制定探究方案即设计实验的能力是中学生探究能力中较为薄弱的环节。本研究试图通过精心设计的实验设计问题,采用问卷调查与临床访谈相结合的方法,针对当前中学生的实验设计能力进行深入的了解并做分析研究,了解学生对实验的认识,并为在后续的相关研究课题中更好地进行试题开发和对学生设计实验的能力进行评价提供研究基础。本研究选择初中八年级学生作为研究对象,主要对以下问题进行探讨:八年级学生设计实验能力的分布状况;学生在实验设计过程中有哪些具体的思维活动;学生如何评价他人设计的实验。调查问卷中的问题情境均与学生日常生活密切相关。调查研究发现:(1)八年级学生中,略多于一半人数的学生已具有一定的设计合理实验的能力,但与应达到的水平有仍有一些差距;略少于一半人数的学生还不具备设计合理实验的能力:部分学生直接得出了实验结论,部分学生无法控制相应的变量,部分学生无法设计实验,与应达到的水平有较大差距;(2)八年级学生在设计实验任务中面临的困难有:缺乏生活或学习经验与待解决问题之间的有效联结;缺乏辩证性的“证明”倾向,忽略应同时从对立角度思考的思维习惯;缺乏对实验结果的预见意识,实验思维水平不高;实验设计实践经验不足,实验问题解决原型缺乏;缺乏设计实验的基本程序性知识和策略性知识;缺乏对实验进行评价的能力等。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the course of scientific inquiry, whether conjecture and hypothesis are true or not can only be tested through experiment ; experiments are also important foudations for other posterior taches such as evidence collection,inspection and evaluation,expression and communication.Whether a scientific inquiry activity can be accomplished or not is directly affected by the tache of designing experiment .Research shows that designing experiment is the central tache of experiment problem-solving process.However,the investigation on students’scientific inquiry ability indicates that the ability of constituting an inquiry plan which is equal to design experiment is a weak line in the Middle School students’inquiry ability .This study,which based on well-designed experiment designing problems,by the way of questionnaire survey associated with clinic talking,deeply understand and analysis the current Middle School students’ability of experiment designing and how students think about experiment,and try to be some research foudation for better test questions exploiture and evaluation of students’ability of experiment designing in posterior related Research problems.This study chooses the Grade-8 students as participations and mostly probing into the following questions:the distributing situation of Grade-8 students’ability of designing experiment;how do they think during the process of designing experiment ;how do they think about the others’experiments.The problem situation in the questionaire are all closely related with students daily lives.Investigation research shows:(1)A little more than half of Grade-8 students have gain definite ability of designing reasonable experiment ,but there is some gap with stated level; a little less than half of them haven’t gain definite ability of designing reasonable experiment .Some students educe conlusion directly,other ones can’t control pertinent variables, the others can’t design experiment and there is a big gap with stated level.(2)The difficulties that Grade-8 students facing in the assignment of designing experiment conclude the following ones:lack of effective contaction between daily lives or studying experiences and the problems to be dealed with;“proving”tendency without dialectic thinking,and thinking habit which neglects the opposite angle;lack of foreseeing consciousness about the results of experiments ,have a low experimental thinking level;lack of experiment designing experiences;lack of experimental problem-solving prototypes;lack of basic procedural knowledge and strategetic knowledge;lack of ability of evaluating experiment .更多还原