【作者】 成继平；

【导师】 石先钰；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 民商法， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪50年代以来,世界各国均陆续发生关于胎儿期内遭受不法侵害的诉讼案件,我国近年来也有此类案件出现。国外有关胎儿利益保护的法律相对成熟,与其他国家相比,我国只有《继承法》第28条对胎儿的继承利益作出了规定。法律对胎儿利益的漠视和保护的缺位,造成司法实践中法院在审理侵害胎儿利益的案件时无法可依,使胎儿利益得不到法律有力保护。本文运用比较分析、理论分析的研究方法,重视国外关于胎儿利益保护的立法规定和判例成果,在对现有学说进行总结、评论的基础上,对胎儿利益保护的相关问题进行深入、细致的研究,试图找出一条解决胎儿利益民法保护的有效途径。本文前言:明确研究民法保护胎儿利益的重要意义。本文正文共包括五个部分:第一部分:胎儿的民法地位。该部分包括两个基本问题:胎儿的法律含义和胎儿“非人”的法律地位。法律保护的胎儿不同于医学上、生物学上的“胎儿”,是指出生前尚未露出母体,并且处于孕育中的生命体。近代民法几乎一致认定应将胎儿排除在法律上的“人”的范畴之外,而现实需要保护胎儿利益的呼声却越来越高,如何协调二者的矛盾是现代民法必须解决的问题。第二部分:各国关于胎儿利益保护的立法状况。具体分析大陆法系国家、英美法系国家和我国在胎儿利益保护问题上的法律规定及其特点,指出我国应借鉴两大法系国家在胎儿利益保护方面的优秀理论成果和立法、司法经验,对胎儿利益予以全面保护。第三部分:民法保护胎儿利益的理论基础。分别介绍了“权利能力说”、“法益说”和“侵权请求权说”的基本观点,并逐一分析了各个学说的优缺点。在此基础上提出本文观点:胎儿利益的民法保护仍应建立在权利能力制度的基础上。在胎儿权利能力的性质上,本文认为应采法定停止条件说,即胎儿在出生前并无权利能力,只有待其活着出生后,方可溯及地取得其在胎儿时期的权利能力。第四部分:我国有关胎儿利益民法保护的立法完善。该部分包括四个基本问题:胎儿民事主体地位的确立,我国民法应直接规定胎儿具有权利能力;民法保护的胎儿利益的范围,胎儿应享有健康权、生命权、受抚养权、继承权、纯利益的获得权等权利;侵害胎儿利益的侵权责任的构成要件,并就其中的几个特殊问题进行了分析,即胎儿父母能否成为侵权行为人,出生能否作为损害后果,胎儿是否会遭受精神损害,父母对损害的发生也有过错的,能否适用过失相抵规则,父母免责的约定或自愿承受危险的行为是否对胎儿有效等;侵害胎儿利益的民事责任方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the fifties of the 20th century, there took place continuously the law cases of the compensation for damages about the fetus’s benefits in many countries. The judicial practice in our country also met with the problem. Abroad, the legal provisions about fetus are perfect and rather ripe in most countries. In China, it is only the 28th judicial item in《Inheritance Law》that makes stipulation about the fetus’ inheritance benefits. Our law ignores and omits the protection to the fetus’ benefits, the loopholes in legislation make it difficult or even impossible for judicial courts to well protect the fetus’ benefits in judicial practice. The dissertation makes in-depth and thorough study about the relevant issues concerning the protection of the fetus’ benefits by adopting the research methods of comparative analysis and theory analysis. Paying more attention to the theories and judicial precedent results about this question in different countries, analyzing the various situation of the compensation for damages about the fetus’s benefits based on the systematic comment to the current theories, the dissertation desires to find a better solution to the question of the protection system for the fetus’ benefits in civil law.Preface: It introduces the importance of the protection for the fetus’ benefits.This article includes four chapters:First part: The fetus’ legal status in civil law. This part discusses two questions: the concept of fetus and the fetus’ legal status. The author points out that the legal concept of fetus is different from that of medical science and the biology. It refers to life before the birth. The range of natural person in modern civil law exculdes the fetus, the fetus is not the civil subject, but we have to protect the fetus’ benefits in fact. So the contemporary civil law has to face the reality that how to coordinate the contradiction.Second part: The legal regulations of various countries’ protection on the fetus’ benefits. It introduces the conditions and features of legislation of the countries adopting continental legal system, the countries adopting Anglo-America legal system and our country. We should draw on the experience of the foreign advanced, successful legislation to protect the fetus’ benefits better.Third part: The basis for the fetus’ benefits. It discusses the three various theories of the protection system for the fetus’ benefits in civil law: "Legal capacity"theory, "legal benefit " theory and "claim right on tort" theory, analyzes the positive effects and the negative effects of the three various theories. Then, the author basically agree with the "Legal capacity"theory. The cognizance of fetus’s legal capacity should be based on legal cease condition theories: the fetus has legal capacity in unborn time unless he is a living body.Fourth part: Protection ways of the fetus’ benefits after these benefits being infringed. This part discusses four questions: Our civil law should admit the fetus’ legal civil subject; the range that the fetus should enjoy the civil rights as a civil subject, the author thinks that the fetus should enjoy health right, life right, property right of inheritance, pure acquisition right of interest and so on; the principle of the protection system for foetus’ benefits in civil law and the protection ways of the fetus’ benefits after these benefits being infringed, this part analyses some special issues of damage compensation, such as whether parents could serve as infringement subjects, whether wrongful birth, wrongful life, wrongful pregnancy could become the reasons for law cases, whether the negligence set-off principle could be used if the parents have faults for damages, whether the promise of legal elimination could be effective to the injured person; the establishment and enforcement of right for the fetus’ compensation for damage.更多还原