【作者】 肖金学；

【导师】 廉振民； 王文强；

【作者基本信息】 延安大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 昆虫是动物界中最大的一个类群,无论是个体数量、生物量、种数与基因数,它们在生物多样性中都占有十分重要的地位。昆虫与人类的关系复杂而密切,有些昆虫给人类造成深重的灾难,有些种类给人类提供了丰富的资源。全面摸清昆虫物种多样性现状,对持续保护与利用昆虫多样性资源和人类社会经济发展具有十分重要的现实意义。北洛河流域地处陕北黄土高原,是全国水土流失最为严重的地区之一。近些年,该地区退耕还林(草)成效很大,对该地区昆虫物种多样性进行研究,合理开发利用北洛河流域的生物资源,对促进区域经济协调发展具十分重要的意义。以“北洛河流域生态建设动物种群种类、数量和动态的研究”项目为平台,在2007年5月至9月期间,对北洛河流域昆虫物种多样性进行调查和研究。本论文首先对北洛河流域昆虫物种多度在目、科两大阶元做了多度分析;其次选取瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)为代表性物种进行种—多度、多样性指数和相似性聚类分析。1.种类调查结果:本论文首次对北洛河流域的昆虫物种多样性资源进行系统调查研究。本次调查共采集到昆虫标本14004号,已鉴定11730号,分属13目91科305种,未鉴定标本2274号。2.昆虫物种多度分析结果:数量较多的有鞘翅目(Coleoptera)5497号,占总数的39.25%;鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)4244号,占30.31%;直翅目(Orthoptera)2299号,占16.42%;其它各目所占比例都小于5%。不同月份昆虫多度:6-7月>8月>9月>5月,说明在北洛河流域6-7月份昆虫活动最频繁,之后随时间推移,昆虫数量逐渐减少。不同采集地昆虫多度:富县>甘泉>吴起>志丹=洛川>黄陵,说明北洛河流域中段的昆虫多度相对较多。对于不同海拔昆虫多度:900-1000m> 800-900m> 1000-1100m> 700-800m> 1100-1200m > 1200 m以上,可以明显看出北洛河流域昆虫分布在海拔800m至1000m之间最多,超过海拔1000m,昆虫多度随海拔增高呈递减。不同生态类型昆虫多度:河滩灌草丛>草地>林地>农田,河滩灌草丛和草地是较适合昆虫生活的两种生态类型。3.瓢虫科种类调查结果:本次调查研究共采集瓢虫科昆虫标本525号,隶属于12属15种,其中单属种10个。4.瓢虫科物种多度分析:(1)5月份至7月份物种数量多,丰富度高,均有10种以上;8月份有7种,9月份最少只有5种。七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata L.)、马铃薯瓢虫(Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata M.)和异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis P.)是北洛河流域瓢虫科昆虫的优势种类,在各个月份都占有很高的比例。(2)七星瓢虫、马铃薯瓢虫和异色瓢虫在各采集地均占有较大比例,此外,多异瓢虫(Hippodamia variegata G.)和双七星瓢虫(Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata L.)在各采集地均有分布。(3)海拔700-900m、900-1100m和1100m以上的优势种分别是七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫和多异瓢虫;多异瓢虫和双七星瓢虫则主要分布在海拔1100m以上,且此范围种多度分布最均匀。(4)七星瓢虫为整个研究地区的广布优势种。(5)结合各月份、采集地、海拔和生态类型的种—多度模型的分析结果能体现出研究地区瓢虫的分布特点和规律。5.瓢虫科多样性指数分析:不同月份的物种多样性指数变化趋势:H’和Dm为5月>6-7月>8月>9月;Jsw为9月>8月>5月> 6-7月;λ为9月>8月>6-7月>5月;PIE为5月>6-7月>8月>9月。不同采集地物种多样性变化趋势:H’为吴起>黄陵>志丹>富县>洛川>甘泉;Dm为志丹>黄陵>吴起>洛川>甘泉>富县;Jsw为吴起>黄陵>富县>洛川>甘泉>志丹;λ为洛川>甘泉>志丹>富县>黄陵>吴起,与PIE相反。瓢虫群落在海拔在1100m以上H’最大,均匀度最高,种间相遇机率最大,优势集中度最低;在海拔900-1100m之间Dm最大。在不同生态类型,H’的变化趋势为河滩灌草丛>草地>林地>农田;Dm为草地>林地>河滩灌草丛>农田;Jsw为农田>河滩灌草丛>草地>林地;λ为林地>农田>草地>河滩灌草丛,与PIE相反。6.瓢虫科相似性指数聚类分析:8月和9月相似性最高,其次5月和6-7月也较高;对于各采集地,甘泉和富县相似性最高,吴起和志丹、甘泉和洛川相似性也很高,其次为洛川和黄陵;在不同海拔的相似性均为中等相似;四种生态类型相比,草地和河滩灌草丛的相似性最高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Insect is the biggest class group of the animality, regardless of being individual quantity, the biomass, the number of species and genes, they hold the very important status in the biodiversity. The relationship between insect and humanity are close and complex, some insects create the grave disaster to the humanity, some kinds have provided the rich resources to the humanity. Finds out the present situations of insect species diversity comprehensively has the very vital practical significance to protect and using the insect diversity resources continually and the human society economic development.The Northern Luo river basin is situated at loess plateau of the Northern Shannxi, which is one of the most serious soil erosion areas in our country. In recent years, the effect of Grain for Green Program in this area is tremendous. It is significant to promote the regional economies coordinated development that research on insect species diversity and develop and use the Northern Luo river basin living resources reasonably. Take“The Study of animal population, species, quantity and dynamic state about the ecological construction in the Northern Luo river basin”the project as a platform, the diversity of insect in the Northern Luo river basin was investigated and studied during May to September in 2007. In the first part of this thesis, the insect quantitites, species- abundance in the Northern Luo river basin was anlysised in the taxonomic category of order and family. In the second part, the Coccinellidae is taken as the representative species and its quantities, species-abundance, diversity indices and the similar cluster was analysised.1. The investigation result: the thesis preliminary reported the insect resources in the Northern Luo river basin. This investigation has collects 14004 insect specimen, in which 11730 has identified and subject to 13 orders 91 families and 305 species, 2274 insect specimen has not identified.2. The results of analysis about insect species abundance: the quantity of Coleoptera is 5497, accounting for 39.25 percent; Lepidoptera is 4244, accounting for 30.31 percent; Orthoptera is 2299, accounting for 16.42 percent; the proportion of other orders less than 5%. Insect abundance in different months: June & July > August > September > May, it shows that the behavior of insect most frequently is in June & July, followed over time, the number of insects are gradually reduce. Insect abundance in different sites: Fuxian > Ganquan > Wuqi > Luochuan = Zhidan > Huangling, it shows that the insect abundance is relatively more large in the middle reaches of the Northern Luo River basin. Insect abundance in different altitudes: 900-1000m > 800-900m > 1000-1100m > 700-800m > 1100-1200m > above 1200m, it shows that insects distributed between altitudes 800m to 1000m mostly and the insect abundance is decreasing with increased altitude above 1000m. Insect abundance in different ecotypes: shrub-floodplain > grassland > woodland > farmland, it shows that shrub-floodplain and grassland are more suitable ecotypes for insect living.3. The investigation result about Coccinellidae: the investigation and study has collects 525 Coccinellidae specimen, subject to 12 genera and 15 species, in which 10 genera only include 1 spieces each.4. Speices-abundance of Coccinellidae: (1) The quantity, abundance are more than 10 species are in May to July; 7 species in August; only 5 species in September at least. The dominant species are Coccinella septempunctata L., Henosepilachna vigintioctoma- culata M. and Harmonia axyridis P. that constitute a high proportion in each month and site. (2) In addition, Hippodamia variegata G. and Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata L. are dispersed species. (3) The dominant species between altitudes 700-900 m , 900-1100 m and1100-above1100m respectively is Coccinella septempunctata L., Harmonia axyridis P. and Hippodamia variegata G.. The distribution of species-abundance is more uniform above altitude 1100m. And Hippodamia variegata G. and Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata L. are mainly distributed above 1100 m. (4) Coccinella septempunctata L. is the widespread dominant species in the entire study area. (5) Combination with the species-abundance model of different months, sites, altitudes and ecotypes, the analysis results were objectively reflected that the Cocdingllidae’s distributing characteristics and laws in the studied area.5. The results of Coccinellidae diversity indices analysis: the variational trend of diversity indices in different months: H’ and Dm is May >June-July>August > September ; Jsw is September> August> May> June-July;λis September > August> June-July> May; PIE is May > June-July > August > September. The variational trend of diversity indices in different sites: H’ is Wuqi > Huangling > Zhidan > Fuxian > Luochuan > Ganquan; Dm is Zhidan > Huangling > Wuqi > Luochuan> Ganquan> Fuxian; Jsw is Wuqi > Huangling > Fuxian > Luochuan > Ganquan > Zhidan;λis Luochuan > Ganquan> Zhidan> Fuxian> Huangling> Wuqi, is contrary to PIE. Above the altitude of 1100m, H’ and Jsw and PIE is the maximum, butλis the minimum; Dm is the maximum between the altitude of 900-1100m. The variational trend of diversity indices in different ecotypes, H’ is shrub-floodplain > grassland > woodland > farmland; Dm is grassland > woodland> shrub-floodplain > farmland; Jsw is farmland > shrub-floodplain > grassland > woodlands.λis woodland > farmland > grassland > shrub-floodplain, and PIE is contrary toλ.6. The results of Coccinellidae similarity indices clusting analysis: the similarity of August and September is the highest, followed by May and June-July is also higher. In regard to the site, The similarity of Ganquan and Fuxian is the highest; Wuqi and Zhidan, Ganquan and Luochuan is also higher; followed by Huangling and Luochuan. By comparison of different ecotypes, the similarity of farmland and shrub-floodplain is the highest.更多还原