【作者】 冯利兵；

【导师】 卜风贤；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 科学技术史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 我国古代灾荒发生连绵不绝,几乎无年无灾,无年不荒,给人民生命财产造成了巨大的伤害损失。在历史减灾过程中产生的灾害思想和减灾理论,既有对灾害形成和发生的认识,也包括防重于救的备荒思想和藏富于民的救荒思想,特别值得重视的是以举国之力与灾害抗争的积极减灾思想,可视为中国灾荒史上的一颗耀眼明珠。在长期的减灾救荒实践活动中,人们对有关历史经验教训的总结和体会,对于具体活动的思考和认识,构成了中国农业减灾救荒的思想体系内容。它包括农业灾害预防思想、农业减灾思想和农业救灾救荒思想三个有机组成部分,它们共同作用有机的结合为一个整体。在各种历史典籍当中,尤其是一些农书和救荒书中,这样的记载更是值得我们去研究。其中很多减灾救荒思想对于今天的减灾救荒活动仍有启发和借鉴意义。通过对古代农业减灾救荒思想的研究,回顾和提高我们对于灾荒的认识水平,为今天减灾救荒决策提供鉴阅参考资料。全文共分为六个部分,主要内容如下:第一章导言。介绍本文的研究目的和意义;选题的意义和研究动态综述即目前存在的不足;阐述本研究的思路和方法;本文的创新之处。第二章先秦时期农业减灾救荒思想。先秦时期农业减灾救荒思想体系初现端倪,体现在技术层面的减灾思想和社会层面的救荒思想有机地结合在一起,奠定了后世减灾救荒思想的基本框架。受当时的认识能力和社会发展水平所限,先秦时期宣扬“天降灾异”的唯心主义灾害观和以积极减灾救荒为主的唯物主义灾害观同时并存。先秦减灾救荒思想的内容可划分为灾前预防思想、农业减灾思想和灾后救荒思想三个部分,贯彻于减灾救荒活动的全过程之中。第三章秦汉时期农业减灾救荒思想。秦汉魏晋时期农业减灾救荒思想总体上渐有发展,农业灾害预防思想的认识进一步得到重视和深化;农业技术形式和其它技术形式中的减灾思想相互配套,呈现出全面综合发展的特点;灾害发生后,国家发动社会各界力量抗灾救灾,赈济安抚灾民,形成以救助灾民为核心的灾荒抗救思想。第四章隋唐时期农业减灾救荒思想。隋唐五代时期,传统的农业减灾救荒思想得到继承演变,积谷备荒、兴修水利、农业气象观测等灾害预防思想都有进一步发展。农业生产活动中唯物主义色彩的减灾意识增强,积极灭虫除害。重农政策的影响使得这一时期的救灾救荒思想体现出“以民为本”的色彩,传统意义的减灾救荒思想得到有机结合并对社会发展产生了积极的促进作用。第五章宋元时期农业减灾救荒思想。宋元时期的农业减灾救荒思想呈现出集大成化,随着农业科学的发展,这一时期的灾害预防思想和减灾救荒思想在各种农书和救荒著作中多有反映,继承和总结了前人有关减灾救荒的思想认识。农业灾害预防思想的传承,农业减灾思想的辩证发展和农业救荒思想的集成完善,已经有机的结合为一体,集中反映了传统社会农业减灾救荒思想的全面和丰富。第六章明清时期农业减灾救荒思想。明清时期是我国传统社会的末期,一方面此时的农业减灾救荒思想继承延续了前代各历史时期的灾荒理念,成为这一时期指导农业减灾救荒工作的理论原则。另外一方面,门户开放政策的推行和洋务运动的兴起又进一步促进了减灾救荒思想吸取更多现代科学成分而日臻完善成熟。数千年传统社会封闭的思想体系在近代科学思潮的激烈冲击下发生了突变演进。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Famine in ancient China Lianmianbujue, almost no disaster, no shortage, to people’s lives and property caused enormous harm to the loss. In the history of the disaster reduction process of thinking and mitigation of disasters, both on the formation and disaster awareness, but also anti-emphasis on ideological and save the Beihuang possession of wealth among the people and save the shortage of ideas, particularly worthy of attention are the country’s influence and Disaster mitigation protest the positive thinking can be seen as a history of the Chinese famine dazzling pearl.In a long-term disaster reduction to save shortage of practical activities, the people on the history of summing up experiences and lessons and experience, the specific activities of thinking and understanding, constitutes a shortage of China’s agricultural disaster reduction to save the contents of ideology. It includes agricultural disaster prevention thinking, agriculture and agricultural disaster mitigation thinking shortage of ideas to save the three integral part of their common role as a combination of organic whole. Among the various historical books, especially the shortage of agricultural books and put out a book, the record is worthy of our study. Many of these disaster reduction to save today’s shortage of ideas for disaster reduction activities still put out a shortage of inspiration and reference. Through the ancient agricultural disaster reduction was thinking of the shortage of research, review and improve our level of awareness of the famine, disaster reduction to save today for the decision-making Kam shortage of available reference materials.The full text is divided into six parts, the following key elements:Chapter 1, Introduction. This paper introduced the purpose of the study and significance of research topics and the significance of that is dynamic reviewed the existing shortage of ideas on this study and methods of this innovation. Chapter 2, the agricultural disaster reduction to save the pre-Qin period shortage of ideas. Pre-Qin period of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction to save ideology first emerged, reflected in the technical aspects of disaster reduction and social dimension of thinking was thinking of the shortage of organic combination of disaster reduction to save future generations laid the ideological and shortage of the basic framework. At that time, the ability and understanding of social development constraints, the pre-Qin period to promote "heaven Zaiyi" the idealist with a positive outlook and disaster mitigation was mainly the shortage of materialism disaster coexist. Shortage of ideas before the Qin Dynasty disaster reduction to save the contents can be divided into ideological pre-disaster prevention, agriculture and disaster mitigation ideas to save three parts shortage of ideas, and implement the shortage in disaster reduction activities to save the entire process.Chapter 3, the Qin and Han Dynasties period of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction was thinking. Qin Han Weijin period agricultural disaster reduction to save the overall shortage of ideas on the development gradually, the thinking of agricultural disaster prevention awareness and deepen further attention; agricultural technology and other forms of technology in the form of disaster reduction ideological support each other, presenting a comprehensive and integrated development of the characteristics of disaster After the national forces launched the community disaster relief, relief appease the victims, formed to aid victims of famine as the core of ideological and save.Chapter 4, the Sui and Tang Dynasties period of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction was thinking. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period, the traditional thinking of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction to save evolution by inheritance, savings Beihuang, Xingxiu water conservancy, agriculture and other disaster prevention meteorological observations are thinking of further development. Agricultural production activities in materialism color enhanced awareness of disaster reduction, active pest control pesticides. The impact of agricultural policy-making during this period of shortage of relief was thinking of a "people-oriented" colors, the traditional thinking of the shortage of disaster reduction to save by combining organic and social development had a positive role.Chapter 5, of the Song and Yuan Dynasties period of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction was thinking. Song and Yuan Dynasties period of the shortage of agricultural disaster reduction to save the master of thinking emerged, along with the development of agricultural science, this period of disaster prevention and mitigation was thinking of the shortage of ideas in various agricultural and save the shortage is reflected more in the works, and summed up the succession of predecessors On disaster reduction to save the shortage of thinking and understanding. Agricultural disaster prevention thinking of the inheritance of agricultural disaster reduction thinking of the dialectical development and agriculture was thinking of the shortage of integrated sound, has a combination of organic integration, focused on disaster reduction to save the traditional agricultural society thinking of the shortage of full and rich.Chapter 6, the Ming and Qing Dynasties agricultural disaster reduction was thinking of the shortage. Ming and Qing Dynasties of China’s traditional society is the end of the one hand, the agricultural disaster reduction at this time was thinking of the shortage of succession continuation of the previous generation of the historical period of famine concept, a guide agricultural disaster reduction during this period was the work of the shortage of theories and principles. The other hand, the open-door policy and the implementation of the Westernization Movement to promote the further rise of disaster reduction to save Arakawa learned more ideological elements of modern science and improving maturity. Closed society for thousands of years of traditional ideology of modern scientific thought in the fierce impact of a mutation in evolution.更多还原