【作者】 张燕；

【导师】 冯浩； 汪有科；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 充分利用现有环境废弃资源,研制开发新型低成本土壤改良剂是高效利用农田降水资源,发展现代节水高效持续农业的重要途径。本研究以自主研制的两种新型土壤改良剂PJG和PFL(PJG以秸秆,建筑垃圾等为主要原料;PFL以煤矸石,生活炉渣等为主要原料)为对象,通过室内试验和大田试验相结合的方法,研究新型土壤结构改良剂对作物和土壤的影响和效果,揭示其节水增产机理,为其大面积应用提供理论和技术依据。得出以下结论。(1)盆栽试验表明:两种改良剂对玉米出苗率的影响不明显,但对株高和叶面积的影响差异较大。施用改良剂玉米苗期干物质积累量均高于对照,PJG和PFL分别以施加0.8%和0.05%为最佳。随着改良剂施用浓度的增加,玉米苗期水分散失量呈逐渐减少的趋势,施用量越大,水分保持的越好。建议在玉米试验中使用PJG和PFL的最佳浓度分别为0.8%和0.05%。(2)土壤改良剂对大田夏玉米全生育期株高,叶面积影响效果显著,能显著提高抽雄期干物质积累量,对光合,蒸腾特性均有显著的影响;气孔导度分别高于对照32.88%和15.34%;叶绿素含量均高于对照,且大喇叭口期受影响效果最明显。施用两种改良剂夏玉米土壤0-20cm层土壤紧实度低于对照27.46%和22.11%,且表层土壤水分变化较为平缓,全生育期平均土壤含水量较对照略有增加。(3)施加土壤改良剂PJG和PFL可显著提高夏玉米千粒重、产量和作物水分利用效率,夏玉米千粒重比对照分别增加了3.17%和1.48%;产量比对照分别高出22.79%和21.39%;作物水分利用效率比对照分别增加了25.8%和24.82%。(4)施用两种改良剂后,土壤稳定入渗率和持水能力均比对照有所提高,且随着用量的增加,呈逐渐增加的趋势;在恒温条件下,两种改良剂在蒸发初始阶段蒸发率均明显低于对照。常温条件下施用改良剂后,蒸发率以波动的形式变化,PJG从第10天开始蒸发率差距逐渐拉大,规律为0.8%>0.2%>2%>4%;PFL各施用水平之间规律也较为明显,从第10天开始到蒸发结束,随着用量的增加,蒸发率逐渐降低。在恒温和常温蒸发期内,施用两种改良剂累积蒸发率均低于对照。更多还原

【Abstract】 Develop new soil amendment which is form waste resource and lower cost is the important approach to develop water saving、high efficient、standing modern agriculture, and to utilize farmland precipitation resource more efficiently. Through the inside and field test, this paper is research on the inflection on crop and soil with two new soil amendment PJG and PFL (the major materials of PJG is straw and junk form building, PFL is coal slack and slag), and open out the mechanism of water saving and increasing production. All of that are the theory and technology values for the vast area application.The conclusion is that:⑴Potted plant test indicate: the influence on seeding rate of corm by two soil amendment is not obviously, but it have significant inflection on straw high and leaf area. The dried weigh of corn in seeding stage with amendment are higher than CK, the best dosage of PJG and PFL is 0.8% and 0.05%. The dissipate mete of water decrease with the use of soil amendment increased, the more using, the best water saving. The suggesting best dosage of PJG and PFL in corn test is 0.8% and 0.05%.⑵The influence on strew high and leaf area of corn in the whole growth time is quite obviously. it can increase the dried weigh in tassel time obviously, the photosynthesis of corn in the whole day with amendment are all higher than CK, PJG and PFL increase 138.54% and 98.99% as that as CK; there is no obvious change of transpiration rate with amendment, but stomatic conductance are higher than CK 32.88%and 15.34% of PJG and PFL. The chlorophyll content is all higher than CK, and the largest differences are in the big bell time. The soil compactiveness with amendment is lower than CK 27.46% and 22.11% in 0-20cm soil layer. The change of water content in the surface layer of soil is flat, the soil water content of CK, PJG and PFL account for 67.4%, 71.4% and 71.1% of field capacity.⑶Soil amendment can increase kilo weight of grain, yield and utilization ratio of the moisture; the kilo weight of grain of PJG and PFL are higher than CK 3.17% and 1.48%;yields are 22.79%and 21.39%; Utilization ratio of the moisture is 25.8% and 24.82%.⑷The stable infiltration are higher than CK with two amendment, and it increases with the dosage. Soil characteristics all higher than CK, ever level of that with PJG is 0.2%<0.8%<2%<4%, PFL is 0.2%<0.8%<4%<2%. In the constant temperature, the vaporize rate with two amendment are all lower than CK in the primary vaporize time. The vaporize rate changed as fluctuate in the normal temperature, the rule of PJG is 0.8%>0.2%>2%>4% in the first 10 days; the rule of PFL is that vaporize rate reduce as more as the dosage from the tenth day to the over of vaporize time. In the constant and normal temperature vaporize time, the cumulate vaporize rate are lower than CK with two soil amendment.更多还原