【作者】 王兰楠；

【导师】 黄贤全；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 世界史， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪后半叶,伴随美国各种社会运动的风起云涌,社会的传统规范受到猛烈冲击,两情相依的婚姻家庭已不再牢固如昔,离婚率急剧上升,单亲家庭大量出现,成年人两性关系紊乱,未婚生育和少女怀孕激增,同性恋婚姻猖狂,生育率下降,美国传统家庭观念和模式摇摇欲坠。美国的婚姻家庭问题,是美国经济、政治社会意识形态等诸多因素综合作用的结果,但是,国内外学者多从社会学和人类学角度研究美国的家庭问题,而很少从历史学方面具体探索其变化的原因。有鉴于此,从历史学的视野探究美国家庭危机产生的社会背景和现实因素并分析其影响就构成本文的主要内容。全文共分五大部分:第一部分为绪论,阐述了撰写本文的选题缘由,并回顾了30多年来国内外学者对20世纪后半叶美国家庭危机的研究情况。第二部分根据国内外多数学者的研究成果,笔者界定了家庭危机的内涵,并通过收集到的大量的官方数据,扼要说明其具体表现,即:离婚爆炸,单亲家庭大量出现,成年人两性关系紊乱,未婚生育率上升、少女怀孕日益严重,同性恋婚姻合法化,生育率下降等。第三部分是论文的核心,即分析20世纪后半叶美国家庭危机的形成原因,具体包括经济、政治、法律、社会及意识形态因素。经济方面,二战结束后,工业化和城市化速度加快,使得妇女广泛就业,扩大了妇女在婚姻家庭选择上的发言权,她们不仅向旧的家庭伦理道德观念宣战,而且向社会上一切歧视妇女的观念与行为宣战,她们的世界观、人生观、婚姻家庭观等都发生了根本改变,成为促成家庭其他成员角色发生变化的催化剂;同时,社会过多的接管了家庭职能,教育、闲暇、消费等都不必以家庭为单位,“从摇篮到坟墓”都有服务部门操作。政治方面,六十年代是个“狂乱的年代”,爆发了“反主流文化运动”,笔者主要分析几场与家庭危机密切相关的运动,如妇女解放运动、性解放运动及争取同性恋权益运动。法律方面,最为重要的就是“无过失离婚法”给美国婚姻、妇女和儿童带来了意想不到的经济社会后果,同时,美国的调解离婚制度和法律中存在的诸多漏洞,使得法律与事实、法律与道德脱节,也助长了美国的家庭危机。社会方面,青少年没能从家庭和学校接受到正确的性指导,家庭和学校的教育方式存在着诸多问题,反而影响了青少年身心的健康发展;同时,美国是一个由广告、电视等传媒主导的消费世界,娱乐是生活不可缺少的一部分,在大众传媒的“熏陶”下,许多年轻人误入歧途。最后,意识形态方面,以个人主义、极端自由主义、享乐主义、消费主义为特点的美国文化,引发了美国人的“新思潮”、“新观念”,婚姻关系、两性关系出现严重混乱,从而带来家庭婚姻的裂变;并且从60年代中期起,美国人的家庭观和婚姻观发生转变,离婚不再被视为人生失败或耻辱的标志,而被颂扬为个人生命的新生,非婚生育成了显示个人诚实与勇敢的表现,人们接受并热衷于婚前性行为和婚外性关系,社会舆论承认并尊重同性恋家庭、单亲家庭、丁克家庭等,传统的婚姻家庭观和家庭模式遭到前所未有的冲击。总之,美国家庭之所以在20世纪后半叶发生危机,就是这一系列因素综合作用的结果。第四部分阐述了国内外学者对美国家庭危机的争论,承认了观念的改变与家庭职能的弱化一定程度上适应了社会的需要,也着重分析了家庭危机所产生的消极影响。笔者认为应该从历史的角度,辩证的看待美国家庭所发生的这一系列变动,在承认有其合理性的同时,更应该看到它所诱发的种种社会问题。文章的最后一部分为结语,美国的家庭危机是美国经济、政治和社会意识形态等因素综合作用的产物。如今,虽然家庭问题已引起许多美国人士的关注,但如何看待和解决这些问题,还存在许多认识上的分歧,还拿不出具体办法去应对危机所造成的社会影响。笔者呼吁美国政府和社会能采取有效措施拯救美国的家庭危机。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the second half of the 20th century,along with the United States various social movements, the traditional social norm is under the violent impact.Marriage and family is not as strong as ever, divorce rates rise sharply,single-parent families appear massively,adults’ gender relationship disorders,the unmarried birth and teenage pregnancy increases sharply,gay marriage rampages, fertility declines,the American family’s fissure is getting deeper and deeper.The focus of scholars’ investigation and academic debate is how to change American’s views on marriage and family.The problems of the American family caused by the American’s economic,political and social ideological factors,however,many scholars just use the sociology,the psychology,the anthropology and the population statistics to studies the American family issues,few using the historical view to explain the reasons for the problem.In view of this,how to use historical perspective to study the social background and practical factors of the American families crisis,and how to analysis its characteristics and effects,is the primary intention of this paper.The full text is divided into five chapters:The first chapter is a preface,elaborates the selected topic reason to the article,and recalls this topic’s research situation of domestic and foreign scholars in the 20th century.The second chapter,According to the general view of domestic and foreign scholars,the author defines the meaning of the American family crisis,and descript their specific performance through a large number of official data,namely:divorce rates sharp rise,single-parent families appear massively,adult gender relationship disorders,the unmarried birth and teenage pregnancy increases sharply,gay marriage get legitimized and fertility rates decline.The third chapter is the core of this paper,which studies the reason to the American family crisis in the second half of the 20th century,including economic,political,legal,social,and ideological aspect.Economical,industrialization and urbanization speeds up after World WarⅡ, which causes the women get employed widely and expands their choice right in marriage and family. They not only oppose the old concept of family ethics,but also oppose all the behavior and concept which against women.Their world outlook,life outlook and family concept has fundamental changed,becoming a catalyst to facilitates the other family member role to change.Meanwhile,the society takes over family’s functions excessively,education、leisure、consumption and so on don’t take the family as the unit,even "from cradle to grave" has special services.Politically,the "Counter-cultural Movement" out broke in 1960s,the author just studies its several major movement, which impacts the American families crisis deeply,such as the women’s liberation movement,sexual liberation movement and the Gay Rights Movement.Legal aspects,the most importance is the "No-fault divorce law" has brought unexpected economic and social consequences to the American women and children;at the same time,Mediation divorce system and the American law has many loopholes which aggravate the family crisis.Socially,Young people can’t get the right sex education from family and school,which further impacts young people’s physical and mental health.At the same time,the American society is leaded by advertising and television severely;the entertainment is an essential part of life.Under the "nurtured" of mass media,many young people fall into astray. Finally,American culture take the Individualism、the ultra-Liberalism、Hedonism and Consumerism as the main characteristic,which have initiated "the new ideological trend" and "the new idea", confused marital relations and gender relations seriously.What’s more,their family view and marital view has changed from the mid-1960s.They think divorce no longer regards as the life defeat or the shame symbol,but is praised for individual’s new life,they also accept illegitimacy demonstrates personally honest and brave,the public opinion acknowledged and respect the homosexuality family, the single-parent family and so on,the traditional family pattern encounters the unprecedented impact.In short,the reason why there is a family crisis in the second half of the 20th century in America is the result of the combined effects of the series of factors.The forth chapter elaborated the disputes on the American family crisis among the domestic and foreign scholars,acknowledged the change of idea and the feebleness of family function are suit for society,and analyzed the negative effect which produced by family crisis.I support we should take a dialectical view using a historical perspective to the series of changes.We are not only recognizing the reasonable aspect,but also paying more attention to the various social problems which caused by this changes.The last chapter is the epilogue.It is the economy,political and the social consciousness combined produced the American family crisis.Now,the family issue has aroused the concern of many Americans,but how to treat and resolve these issues,there are still many differences in understanding,but also cannot put out the effective means to deal with the social impact which the crisis creates.The author appeals that The American government and society can take the effective action to save the American family crisis.更多还原