【作者】 杨磊；

【导师】 廖康；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 果树学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 论文以新疆新源县伊犁野果林资源发展研究中心15～30年生的新疆野苹果为研究对象。利用石蜡切片技术对新疆野苹果的花芽形态分化作了形态解剖学研究;采用固体培养基法研究了不同保存条件和不同浓度蔗糖对新疆野苹果花粉活力的影响;进行了不同单株间的授粉试验;利用扫描电镜观测了花粉形态;研究了不同层积时间、去种皮和不同激素处理对新疆野苹果种子休眠与萌发的影响。主要的研究结果如下:1.新疆野苹果的花芽形态分化始于6月下旬,经历了未分化期、分化初期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期及雌蕊原基分化期6个时期,从开始花芽分化到完成雌蕊原基分化整个分化过程约持续70天,9月初全部完成雌蕊分化。各分化时期有重叠现象,从开始花芽分化到雌蕊原基分化形成,整个分化时期集中在7月上旬至9月上旬。2.新疆野苹果花粉常温保存3天以内活力较高,平均萌发率为58%,保存5天花粉活力开始明显下降,平均萌发率为37%,保存30天以后平均萌发率仅1%,几乎无活力;花粉4℃保存10天以内具有较高活力,平均萌发率在50%以上,130天仍有活力;4℃保存比常温保存能更有效地延长其活力。蔗糖对花粉萌发有明显的促进作用,其中以浓度15%蔗糖较好。单株间花粉活力存在差异。3.试验所选的8棵新疆野苹果单株自花授粉和单性均无座果;网袋隔离昆虫传粉的条件下只有野苹果1、4、8有坐果,坐果率分别为1.7%、0.6%和6.8%;自然状态授粉效果较好,除野苹果3无坐果外,其余单株均坐果,坐果率最高者野苹果4达到52.1%,野苹果2坐果率最低为3.0%;异花授粉效果最好,各单株均坐果,其中以野苹果5和野苹果8较好,坐果率均达到46%以上;昆虫传粉对新疆野苹果的坐果影响较明显。不同授粉方式的座果效果依次为异花授粉,自然状态授粉和网袋隔离昆虫传粉。4.新疆野苹果花粉超长球形、长球形,萌发孔为三孔沟类型,外壁具条纹状纹饰,条纹间常具小穴或穿孔,孔沟属于N₃P₄C₅型。5.新疆野苹果种子经低温层积能有效地解除其休眠,层积75天带皮种子发芽率达到90%以上;种皮对萌发有较强的抑制作用,层积45天带皮种子发芽率为8%,而去皮后种子发芽率达到90%;去皮种子经赤霉素处理可明显提早发芽,低温层积30天后经500mg/L GA3处理发芽率较高;GA3和6-BA处理对带皮种子萌发的影响均不明显;在相同处理条件下,不同单株之间的发芽率有一定的差异。更多还原

【Abstract】 The generative biological characteristic of Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Rome. were growing in XinJiang YiLi was tested. The paraffin cut section method was adapted to observe the developing process of Malus sieversii flower bud differentiation. The effects of different storage conditions and different concentration of sucrose were studied on Malus sieversii pollen vitality. Pollination test had been done in different individual tree. Pollen morphology were examined with scanning electron microscope(SEM). The effects of seed-coat, stratification time and different hormone on seed dormancy and germination were studied on Malus sieversii seed. The main results as follow.1. The flower bud differentiation of Malus sieversii started in late June. The whole process was from the beginning of the flower bud differentiation to the pistil primordial differentiation approximately lasted for 70 days. The whole process may be divided into pre-differentiation stage, the early differentiation stage, sepal primordial differentiation stage, petal primordial differentiation stage, stamen primordial differentiation stage and pistil primordial differentiation stage. Pistil primordial differentiation finished at the beginning of September.2. In normal temperature, the pollen of Malus sieversii stored within 3 days possessed high vitality and the average germination reached 58%, pollen vitality decreased obviously in 5 days, the average germination reached 37%, the average germination only reached 1% after 30 days hardly germinate. The pollen which was stored in 4℃within 10 days was quite well. It still had certain pollen vitality after 130 days. Sucrose could promote germination obviously. The concentration with 15% of sucrose was better than other. Individual differences among the pollen vitality were found.3. The fruiting hadn’t been found after used two treatments that self-pollination and unisexuate. Pollination insects will affect the fruit-set obviously. The result of fruit set percentage in five treatments from high to low as follow: cross-pollination, natural condition pollination, plastic net bag isolate insect pollination, self-pollination and unisexuate.4. The pollen of Malus Sieversii shapes long and prolate,with 3-colpi and 3-zonotreme in the middle of the colpi. The colp-orate belonged to N3P4C5 type, exine striate-favolate pattern.5. The stratification could break dormancy effectively. The percentage of germination with seed-coat reached 90% stratified seeds 75 days. Seed-coat could inhibit germination obviously. The percentage of germination with seed-coat was 8% and 90% without seed-coat stratified seeds 45 days. GA3 was helpful for breaking dormancy without seed-coat. It was a befitting treatment for breaking dormancy peels seed with 500mg/L GA3 stratified seeds 30 days. The effect of GA3 and 6-BA with seed-coat was not obviously. Germination percentage had difference in different individual tree at the same treatment.更多还原