【作者】 张瑞；

【导师】 唐余明；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 高等教育学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 美国社区学院从19世纪末20世纪初创建以来,经过100多年的发展,成为美国高等教育领域中最富有活力的一个层次,它对推动美国高等教育的大众化、普及化、民主化进程起到了举足轻重的作用。它是美国人民奉献给世界的一项伟大创造,也是国际高等教育的一朵奇葩。鉴于此,本文首先将社区学院作为一个问题提出来研究。其次,从办学模式的构成要素出发,对美国社区学院的教学模式、管理体制、经费筹措、招生和毕业生就业制度、教师管理这五个方面进行了分析思考。最后,借鉴社区学院办学模式的成功经验和做法,得出对我国高等职业教育发展的启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, with the popularization development of higher education, China’s number of colleges increased every year and higher vocational colleges also made a historic development, gradually from the edge of higher education toward center. Its have formed half of the higher education from the size significance. The community’s strong demand and the unique functions of higher vocational education show that in building a well-off society and accelerating the great cause of socialist modernization process higher vocational education has the basic role which can not substitute and strategic position. Vigorously developing higher vocational education is no longer expedient, but a real action bearing on the livelihood. However, because of cultural traditions and the impact of educational concepts, especially the long-standing neglect and contempt for vocational education in social constraints, higher vocational education develops very difficult and a lot of problems appear, such as: teaching pattern and management system can not meet the economic construction and social development needs; relatively poor school conditions caused by lack of education funding sources; students are developed not so high-quality, the employment situation is not ideal; the lack of qualified teachers and insufficient number of“Shuangshi Type“professional teachers. How to effectively address these issues before us is a major issue and urgent task.Higher vocational education must have a clear strategic direction in order to produce good results and have vitality. Throughout the development of higher vocational education all over the world, community colleges in the United States are a starting earlier, relatively perfect system as a pattern. In a hundred years from founding to the present, community colleges become an indispensable component of education in the higher education system of United States by virtue of its unique characteristics and also a beautiful landscape in the American education. It trains a large number of skilled personnel for industries and business a large number of skilled personnel, which have promoted social development, and received extensive recognition and support. Community colleges have a great impact whether in the country or abroad. Its pattern will undoubtedly play an important reference of development of China’s higher vocational education and we should be thinking and analysis. This paper is divided into four parts:The first part is the introduction. Description of the main issues raised, literature review, the significance of research, research methods and concepts defined.The second part is the development survey of community colleges in the United States. First of all, from a historical perspective, reviewed the development of community colleges in the course of centuries, and made a brief exposition on the characteristics of the various stages of its development. Second, analysis its development causes from four aspects: the philosophical foundation, economic factors, political factors and demographic factors. The third part is the study on the schooling pattern of community colleges.Mainly select teaching pattern, management system, funding sources, enrollment and graduates employment system, teachers’management five elements to give a detailed summary description of the community colleges schooling pattern. First, Teaching pattern is the central link in achieve higher vocational education goal, mainly select these four aspects in the teaching process to analysis: teaching plans, teaching process, teaching methods and teaching evaluation; Second, the United States is a typical implementation of the decentralization system countries. The federal state does not have uified leadership and management over community college, and this paper has analyzed the responsibility of the federal, the state educational department, the community college management committee and the community college leaders in developing the community college; Third, the community colleges in the financing of the history of his inspection tour, summed up the funding of community colleges from the state government funding, local government funding and student tuition fees and its funding channels are to do a detailed description; Fourth, the paper in the community college enrollment and the system of employment of graduates, focusing on open and flexible system of the community college enrollment and the entire, multidimensional employment guidance, community colleges, practicing an open admission policy, and easy graduate placement, enhanced the attractiveness to the majority of students, which is welcome by more and more young people; Fifth, in the management of teachers, this paper made exposition to the community colleges’teacher profile, the appointment of qualified management and appointments. The strict management system and the appointment of a large number of part-time teachers, not only guarantee its strong faculty, but also enhance the training is targeted.The fourth part is the thinking to the development of China’s higher vocational education. From a comparative perspective, using the current status of China’s vocational education as the starting point, borrowing the successful experience from community colleges in the United States, discussed the recommendations in development of China vocational education. Mainly are: First, as China’s education has long followed the impact of traditional concept, higher vocational colleges follow the traditional pattern of education, heavy theory, and light practice in the teaching content. Theory-based teaching, put the practice teaching in a secondary position, reflected not vocational education’s characteristics, resulting in their students lack of practical skills, without strong actual practical ability, can not meet the social needs of higher vocational talents. Practice teaching should be made to strengthen and improve the quality of teaching, which is raised in this paper; Second, in view of the market economic system has just set up in China, the shortcomings of government controls too much and too rigid in schools under the planned economic system and the school market-oriented ability is not strong and so on, raised strengthen the higher vocational education management system innovation, and expand the autonomy schooling right. Construction the coordination of the multi-management system among the macro-management of central government departments, the overall management of local governments, the control management of vocational education departments and the micro-management of the higher vocational institutions; Third, higher vocational education for a long time did not get much attention in the government and society, which makes its problems of funds shortage can not get fundamental solution. In accordance with China’s current national conditions, through increasing government input, guiding enterprises and social organizations increase investment, the establishment of vocational education funds and other measures to increase the input of higher vocational education and expand sources of funding channels; Fourth, in the light of currently most higher vocational institutions’enrollment and their graduates employment difficulties, through expand the vocational college students sources, and gradually reform vocational enrollment system, deepen the reform of labor employment system and establish and perfect the mechanism graduate employment guidance and other measures to reform higher vocational college students enrollment and graduates employment system; Fifth, against China’s higher vocational institutions are prevalent in the tendency of ignoring the professional skills of teachers. insufficient number of "Shuangshi Type" professional teacher and part-time teachers conditions, raised that change the teachers management pattern and strengthen the teachers troop construct. Through the implementation of teachers’appointment system, strengthen the building of "Shuangshi Type" and part-time teachers teams.This paper attempts to broaden and deepen our understanding of the community colleges around the pattern of the five elements on the basis of the existing research in the country. Grasp some characteristics, discussed the experience of its worth. ultimately from the experience, put forward relevant countermeasures and proposals to develop our higher vocational education.更多还原