【作者】 张玮；

【导师】 周长军；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 没有犯罪就没有被害,没有被害就没有救济。长期以来,随着我国法制的进步和人权思想的发展,法学界及司法实务中对犯罪人的权利倾注了极大的精力与热情,使对犯罪人的权利保护方面有了很大进展,但犯罪中的被害人始终是一个被忽略的群体,其权利保护和救济途径也十分有限。本文将着重从犯罪被害人的权利保护途径之一——被害人国家补偿制度的角度,来分析国家补偿制度存在的合理性,结合国外的立法、司法实践,论证在我国实行国家补偿制度的必要性与可行性,并在此基础上建构适合我国国情的国家补偿机制,力求使该制度顺利有效地本土化,并具有较强的可操作性。在体系结构上,本文分为引言、正文、结语等部分,共四万字左右。引言简要论述了目前被害人理论研究的现状。作者认为,随着被害人学运动的兴起,犯罪被害人的权利日益受到重视,对其经济权利的救济的重要途径之一就是建立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度。无论从理论基础还是从我国的现状来看,建立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度都已经成为我国刑事法制建设的一项重要而紧迫的任务。正文分为五章。第一章是论述犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的历史沿革与立法状况。该章分为两个小节。第一节从历史的沿革论述国家补偿制度的发展,认为被害人国家补偿制度正处于复活时期,由国家对被害人进行补偿救助,已经成为国际社会的共识;第二节对国家补偿制度在世界范围内的立法状况进行简要概括,指出该制度已经在许多国家得以确立。作者对各国的犯罪被害人补偿立法进行了简要的比较,认为各国大都在补偿对象、补偿条件、补偿的审议机关、补偿的内容和方式、经费来源等方面作了详细规定,可资我国借鉴。作者同时指出,我国还没有建立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度,并分析了形成这种局面的主要原因。第二章论述了犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的理论基础。被害人的国家补偿制度沉寂了几千年,现在又重新“复活”,因为该制度有其内在的合理性。作者论述了世界上关于该制度理论基础的几种学说,主要有国家责任说、社会保险说、社会福利说、法秩序依赖说等,之后作者对其进行简要评析,认为以上学说均有一定道理,但也存在着不足,我国应当从整合理论的角度研究和阐述被害人国家补偿制度的本质,博采众长,确立适合我国的犯罪被害人国家补偿制度,即以国家责任说为主要理论依据,以社会福利说、社会保险说为补充理论依据来建构适合我国国情的国家补偿制度。第三章论述了被害人国家补偿制度的功能。作者认为被害人国家补偿制度在保障人权、控制犯罪和弥补被害人受偿制度的不足上都能发挥积极的功能。首先,犯罪被害人国家补偿制度有利于保障人权。该制度使被害人及其亲属在无法得到犯罪人合理赔偿的情况下,生存、生活的权利得到了保障,弥补了现有司法制度的不足,这正是对被害人权利的一个最为直接有效的保护,是现代法治国家保障人权的应为之举,也是社会文明程度的重要标志之一。其次,犯罪被害人国家补偿制度有助于控制犯罪。一方面,被害人由于某种原因能够得到国家补偿而更愿意同司法机关合作,从而达到有效地惩治犯罪,减少犯罪的目的;另一方面,被害人能够得到国家补偿,才能避免他们由于无助或者报复之心的驱使等原因而向犯罪人转化。第三,犯罪被害人国家补偿制度能够弥补被害人损害赔偿制度的不足。作者认为,国家补偿具有较强的救济力和现实可能性,是被害人补偿方式中较为合理和较易实现的方式。设立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度,可以在一定程度上帮助被害人,弥补损害赔偿制度的不足。第四章论述我国实行犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的必要性与可行性。本章分为两个大的层次。首先,作者认为,我国目前没有建立被害人国家补偿制度,被害人得以受偿的途径主要是通过刑事附带民事诉讼,但由于该诉讼制度存在诉讼理论构造上的不合理和法律规定上的矛盾,并不能实现其简化诉讼程序、提高诉讼效率、维持司法的统一性和神圣性的立法目的;在该制度的实践过程中,也出现了刑事责任与民事责任相互代替、相互吸收、被害人获赔比率低等问题。这说明刑事附带民事诉讼制度并不能很好地解决被害人受偿问题。第二个层次是在此基础上论述被害人国家补偿制度在我国已具备了构建的法律基础和现实基础。作者从国内法、国际法依据以及经济基础、政治基础、社会基础分析,认为在我国确立犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的时机已基本成熟。第五章是对建构被害人国家补偿制度进行了制度设想。该章一方面借鉴了各国的补偿立法,一方面考虑到我国的国情,从立法模式、基本原则、主要内容三个方面进行较为详尽的制度设计,可操作性强,力求结合我国现实情况,实现犯罪被害人国家补偿制度的本土化。结语是作者写作本文的心得体会。更多还原

【Abstract】 No crime, no victim; no victim, no remedy. With the long-term development of legal institutions and the thought of human rights in our country, the law researchers and practitioners had spent a lot of time and great passion protecting the right of the victims. But the victims of crime are still the group of people who are easily neglected, and there are only a few ways to protect their rights and give relief to them. In this article, I willfocus on one of the ways that can protect the victims’ rights------the NationalCompensation System for Victims of Crime, analyzing the rationales of the National Compensation System by comparing to the legislation and juridic practices of other countries, demonstrating the necessity and feasibility to establish the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime in China, and taking a further step to build up the measures that fits the actual condition of our country, in order to localize this system and make it ,more practical. This article proceeds as follows: the Introduction, the main body, the conclusion. There are about forty thousands words in this text.In the introduction part, an overview of the current situation of the research on the victims will be provided. In my opinion, with the development of the victim theory, the rights of the victims are getting much more attention, and one of the important way to relieve their economic right is to build up the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime. From the perception of theory or the situation of our country, building up such a system is an important and urgent task in the procedure of building the criminal legal system.The main body will be divided into five parts.Chapter 1 demonstrates the historical development and the legislation situation of the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime. This chapter will be divided into two sections. I will stress that the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime is in the period of reviving in section 1. It is internationally accepted that nation should relieve the victims. Section 2 is composed of a brief introduction of the legislation situation of the compensation system in the other countries. Such a system has been established in many countries. I will concisely compare the legislation situations of the compensation system in these countries, concluding that they have detailed regulations on the compensation object, the condition, the investigating organization, the source of the budget, and such regulations can be our references. Meanwhile I will point out that the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime hasn’t be established in our country, and analyzes the main reasons of such situation.Chapter 2 will demonstrate the theoretical foundation of National Compensation System for Victims of Crime. The system has been stayed unknown for thousands years, and "revives" in modern world due to its internal rationality. I will discuss a few doctrines on the theoretical foundation of such a system, for instance, the doctrine of nation obligation, the doctrine of social insurance, the doctrine of social welfare and the doctrine of depending on the order of law.Chapter 3 concentrates on the functions of the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime. Such a system means a lot in protecting the human rights, controlling crimes and making up for the deficiencies of the compensation system for the victims. Above all, the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime will facilitate human right protection. When victims and their family are unable to get reasonable compensation from the criminal, such a system ensures their survival and living rights. So it is the most direct and effective way to protect the victim. It makes up for the deficiency of modern judicial system, and is a system that a modern jurisdictional country must have, and is one of the indications of social civilization. Secondly, the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime can be a tool used for controlling crimes. On one hand, the victim will cooperate with juridical official if he can get some compensation from nation and then the intention of punishing and thus reducing the crime can be achieved. On the other side, the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime can prevent the victims from turning into a criminal when they are helpless or their minds and are in a state of revenge. Thirdly, the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime can make up for the deficiency of the Compensation System for the Victims. I hold that compensation from nation is a better way of relieving and it is more feasible and a most reasonable and easiest way to protect the victims. Establishing such a system will provide some help for the victim to some extent and make up for the deficiency of Compensation System for the Victims of Crime.I will discuss the necessity and feasibility to establish the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime in China in chapter 4. This chapter is separated into two sections. Firstly, I will prove that there is no National Compensation System for Victims of Crime in China, and the victims can be relieved only through the criminal lawsuit incidental civil actions. Such a system has some flaws in its theory base and some conflicts in its regulations and the aim of simplifying the suit procedure、improving the judicial efficiency, maintaining the consolidation and holiness of jurisdiction can be achieved. In the practice of such a system, some problems appear. For example, the criminal obligation and civil obligation will substitute and absorb each other, the victim can only get a little compensation, etc. It means the criminal lawsuit incidental civil actions can not provide enough compensation for the victims. The second section explores legal and practical foundations for the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime in China. By analyzing the domestic and international law, the economic,political and social foundations, a conclusion is drawed that it is time for us to establishing the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime in China.Chapter 5 establishes some concrete system of the National Compensation System for Victims of Crime. Legislations in other countries and the actual condition of our country are considered. I will propose a detailed regulation in the legislation pattern, general principle, main content and such system will be easily operated. A lot of work is done to combine the actual condition of our country with the system and localize the National Compensation System for the Victims of Crime.Conclusion part contains the experience in the writing of this article.更多还原