略论程序性刑事裁判

【作者】 于敏华；

【导师】 汪全胜；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 狭义上的“程序性裁判”指在刑事诉讼过程中，作为裁判权主体的法院专门针对警察、检察官、法官的程序违法行为作出的裁判的法院审判不仅是对刑事案件的实体问题作出最终裁判的场所，而且还具有审查警察、检察官的追诉活动的合法性的功能。如果说被告人作为犯罪嫌疑人，属于“实体上的被裁判者”的话，那么作为追诉活动实施者的警察和检察官，其在审前的侦查和起诉行为也应接受中立司法机构的审查，从而处于“程序上的被裁判者”地位。理论界普遍认为刑事诉讼审前程序违法现象的大量存在与立法中缺失程序性裁判机制而导致司法无法控制有关。但是法官在法律规定付诸阙如的情况下，对程序违法行为并非无计可施，法官通过反向文本解释和逆向推理，挖掘“非法证据排除规则”的功能，建立证据连接公权行为和实体裁判的桥梁，通过对证据的处断可以实现程序性裁判的目的。比如侦查机关违反立案管辖的程序规定，法官可以认定其所收集的所有证据无效，从而所有诉讼行为无效，作出被告人无罪的判决。这不但需要法官的审判技巧，对程序性裁判的现实缺陷和理论架构的全面理解，更需要捍卫法律尊严的勇气和智慧。基层法院的法官们在审判实践中形成了一种反向逻辑推理习惯——在考虑事实与法律作出裁判前，总是把上诉法院的合理怀疑当作重点考虑的内容，以使其判决理由不能被推翻。该法律解释方法和思维特征使法官在实践中对刑事诉讼法中涉及的违反诉讼程序行为形成了一套通过证据的判断标准。兼顾控制犯罪与人权保障的刑事司法理念，法官积极克服程序性裁判的局限，克服程序性制裁使得被告人获得额外利益、无辜的受害人利益受损，实施违法程序行为的公权主体未受实质惩罚的弊端。更多还原

【Abstract】 "The procedure judgment" on the narrow sense is pointed as that in the crime litigation process, the court as the judgment authority judges exclusively to the procedure of the police, public prosecutor, judge whose behavior breaks the law the assize. The court judgment is not only the place that the substantial problems in the criminal case are made an ultimate judgment but also has the function of the legitimacy that the police and public prosecutor have the power to prosecute. If the defendant as a suspicion is the substantial judged person, the police and public prosecutors are judged persons in process whose prosecution should accept the investigation of neutral justice institution.Theoretically, it is figured that the illegal post-review of criminal actions are related with lack of the procedure judgment system which makes the justice out of control. However, the judges should have the countermeasures for the illegal procedure behaviors. The judges could find the function of "Illegal proof excluding rule" by the reversed text explanation and converse reasoning, establish the bridge between public right behavior and substantial judgment, fulfill the procedure judgment by judging the proofs. Supposed that the detective department obey the registered rule, the judge can conclude their collected information invalid so that all the prosecutions are invalid, and then make the defendant verdict of not guilty. This requests that the judge not only has judicial skill including a general understanding of realistic defect and theory structure, but also has the encourage and wisdom to safeguard the dignity of law. The judges in secondary court in practice have a form of reverse reasoning—always taking the rational doubts as the key points which make it unable to overthrow the verdict. This kind of explanation method and thinking character form the judge one series of judgment cirterion according to proofs of obeying the Criminal Law in practice With the criminal justice idea of controlling crimes and securing the human right, the judges should actively overcome the limitation of the procedure judgment, the defect that the accused get additional interest but the innocent’s damaged, and the unpunished body implementing the obeying behavior.更多还原