论刑事被害人之宽恕

【作者】 刘晓春；

【导师】 强昌文；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 法律， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 在历史的长河中,作为犯罪行为直接侵犯的具体对象,刑事犯罪被害人曾经是犯罪的起诉者和刑罚的执行者,犯罪人的命运很大程度上取决于被害人的意志。现代刑事司法制度更多关注的是国家与犯罪人的利益,被害人逐渐被淡忘。近年来,这一问题引起了社会的反思。伴随着社会公众权利意识的提高、中国同国际社会逐渐接轨的趋势,加强对公民个体权益的保障逐渐成为社会各界共同关注的话题,传统意义上国家对刑罚权的垄断地位越来越受到挑战,对如何在刑事司法领域实现既保护被害者利益,又使犯罪者复归社会的研究,成为各国当今刑事政策面临的一大重要课题。改革刑事司法制度、保护犯罪被害人的权益、改善被害人长期以来被漠视的现象成为必然趋势。虽然我国刑事诉讼立法上未规定刑事诉讼可以和解,被害人对被告人表示宽恕的意见可以作为量刑情节考虑,但在司法实践中,以被告人与被害人合意为内容的刑事和解已在尝试,而且被害人对被告人表示宽恕的量刑建议也在一定程度上予以了采纳,并且取得了很好的实效。近年来最高司法机关在相关会议上提出了要求在全国范围内尝试刑事和解,这一提法必然产生司法实践在刑事诉讼上的新突破。同时,因为没有立法规定,司法实践在这一领域也会产生很多不同做法,导致相同案件不同裁判。二十世纪末产生的恢复性正义理论从一个新的角度来看待犯罪的性质,提出犯罪是对规范的违反、政府的权威的侵犯的同时,也是一种人与人之间的行为关系,是对被害人、社会、甚至犯罪行为人本身的伤害。所以,刑事司法应当有助于对这些伤害的弥补,提升被害人个人在司法程序中的主体地位,重视被害人与被告人的沟通与合意,努力促成被告人对被害人的赔偿和补偿。同时,对被害人获得赔偿后提出的对被告人表示宽恕,请求减轻和免除对被告人处罚的意见应该予以考虑,在立法上规定为法定量刑情节,进一步促成被告人重新回归社会,修复因犯罪而损害的社会关系。本文主要由五个方面内容组成。第一部分主要阐述了刑事被害人诉讼地位的演变,考察了域外及我国刑事被害人主体地位的发展及当前现状。第二部分主要从契约观念、诉权理论、新正义观三个方面阐述了刑事被害人宽恕的基本理论。第三部分从刑罚目的角度反思了刑罚报应论观点和传统刑事法律关系结构模式对被害人宽恕的否定和漠视,及我国当前被害人宽恕的现状。第四部分从恢复性司法的产生、发展出发,结合我国司法实践对恢复性司法的尝试,论述了借鉴恢复性司法理念,建立刑事法律关系三元结构模式。第五部分试图从被害人宽恕适用的阶段、被害人宽恕的定位、被害人宽恕适用的范围、被害人宽恕在死刑案件中的适用四个方面考量刑事法律关系三元结构模式下,我国对被害人宽恕的司法运用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The victim of crime had long been the indictor of it and the executant of the penalty in the traditional Chinese society. As a result, the criminal’s lot was largely depended on the will of the victim. Modern criminal judicature, on the contrary, focuses more on the interest of the state and the criminal instead of that of the victim. Recent years has seen some reflection on this problem. Owning to the better conciousness of civil rights and more communication with the international society, enhancing the protection of citizen’s individual rights and interest has been highlighted in Chinese society. As the state’s traditional monopoly of the penalty of crime has been challenge, it becomes a major theme in many countries that the criminal judicature policies protect the interest of victim at the same time they help the criminal go back to society. Reforming the criminal judicature institutions, protecting the rights and interest of the victims and changing the situation that they has long been neglected has been set into the agenda.Although China’s criminal legislation does not provide for criminal proceedings can be reconciliation, forgiveness of victims of the accused, said that the views of circumstances can be considered as a punishment, but in judicial practice, the defendant and the victim desired for the criminal elements have been trying to reconciliation, and forgiveness of victims of the accused, said that the punishment given Jian Kuk has to a certain extent be the accepted, and achieved good results. In recent years the highest judicial authorities in the relevant meetings on the issue of a nationwide attempt to require criminal reconciliation, the proposal must be constructed in judicial practice in criminal proceedings on a new starting point. At the same time, because there is no legislative provisions, judicial practice in this area will produce many different practices, resulting in the same case different magistrate.Restorative justice theory developed in the late-20th century obtains a fresh sight at the nature of crime, seeing it not only as violation of the norms and offense of the government,but also as a behavior relationship, as injury to the victim, the society and even the criminal himself(herself). Criminal judicature should, therefore, help compensate these injuries and enhance the victim’s status in the judicial procedures. It should also set store by the communication and agreemen between the victim and the indictee and try to procure the compensation of the injury beteen them. Consideration should, at the same time, given to the request of the compensated victim that the penalty should be alleivated or exempted. In order to better help the indictee go back into society and to restore the social relationship damaged by the crime, the request of compensated victim to alleivate the penalty should be priscribed by the legislator as Statutory sentencing plot .The thesis is composed by 5 sections:The evolution of the criminal victim’s litigation status is presented in 1st section, the contemporary development of subject status of the victim both abroad and at home is also reviewed in this part.The fundmental theories of criminal-victim-forgiveness From lease concepts, theories right to appeal, three new concept of justice was discussed in the 2nd section.The 3rd section is devoted into the reflecting, from the angle of penalty aim, of the denial and disregarding of the victim’s forgiveness which is caused by the nemesis-theory of penalty and traditional criminal judicature relationship. The contemporary situation of the victim’s forgiveness practice is also presented.I argue in the 4th section that, informed by restorative judicature theory, a tripartite model of criminal judicature relationship can be construct which incorporate the practice of restorative judicature in Chinese judical system.Lastly, I try to give an account of the implemantation of victim-forgiveness Victims forgiveness applicable stage, victims forgiveness positioning, the scope of application of the victims forgiveness, forgiveness of victims in the application of the death penalty cases under the tripartite model of criminal judicature relationship.更多还原