论商业贿赂犯罪的立法完善

【作者】 李鹏翀；

【导师】 储育明；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 法律， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 商业贿赂作为市场经济的毒瘤，随着我国市场经济的建立和完善，其危害日渐突出，成为某些行业的“潜规则”，引起党中央、国务院和社会各界的广泛关注。2005年7月以来，党中央、国务院着手部署治理商业贿赂，要求2006年开展治理商业贿赂专项工作。为配合专项整治工作，全国人大常委会审议通过了《刑法修正案(六)》，扩大了商业贿赂犯罪的范围。据统计，2006年全国法院审结公司、企业人员贿赂犯罪案件359件，审结国家工作人员贿赂犯罪案件8310件，打击商业贿赂犯罪取得一定的成效，但与商业贿赂犯罪的实际状况相比，仅仅是冰山一角。作为一名刑事法官，笔者试图从刑法的角度，探求惩治商业贿赂犯罪的障碍，提出完善我国商业贿赂犯罪立法的建议。笔者首先对我国商业贿赂犯罪的现状和立法进行考察。通过对比、分析，认为我国商业贿赂犯罪应持广义学说，包括刑法规定的所有贿赂犯罪罪名。商业贿赂犯罪对我国造成了严重的危害：背离市场经济规律，阻碍了市场机制的有效运行；增加交易成本，侵害消费者利益，造成社会财富的浪费；败坏了社会风气，影响了我国和谐社会的构建；滋生了公务犯罪的温床，抵消了我国反腐败的努力；损害我国的国际形象，危害我国国际投资环境。经过二个多世纪的不懈努力，国外对惩治商业贿赂犯罪制定了比较完善的立法。我国从改革开放以来，不断完善立法，初步建立起惩治商业贿赂犯罪的法律框架。从惩治商业贿赂犯罪的现实需要看，我国商业贿赂犯罪在立法上存在缺陷。商业贿赂犯罪立法体例不足：重刑法法典化，轻附属刑法；非公务性商业贿赂犯罪归属不准确。商业贿赂犯罪构成粗糙：贿赂的范围狭窄，仅限于财物；行贿行为要件单一，仅限于实际给予；行贿主观要件苛刻，“不正当利益”界线模糊；受贿客观要件严格，为他人谋取利益设定不当。商业贿赂犯罪刑罚配置失衡：死刑设置过于严酷；财产刑设定宽侑；资格刑形同虚设。针对我国惩治商业贿赂犯罪立法中存在的问题，借鉴外国刑法和国际刑法的立法例，笔者建议在立法中完善商业贿赂犯罪的立法体例：加强附属刑法的立法；将非公务性商业贿赂犯罪调整到刑法第三章第八节“扰乱市场秩序罪”中。完善商业贿赂犯罪的构成：商业贿赂犯罪的贿赂范围从财物扩大到“财产性利益”；修改商业行贿犯罪的行为要件为“许诺给予、提议给予或者实际给予”；修改行贿犯罪的主观要件为“使有关人员滥用职权或违背职责”；取消商业受贿犯罪“为他人谋取利益”这一客观要件。完善商业贿赂犯罪的法定刑配置：废除商业受贿犯罪死刑的规定；对基本商业贿赂犯罪增设高额比例、可单处的罚金刑；改造剥夺政治权利这一资格刑，增设剥夺、限制从业等资格刑，更多还原

【Abstract】 With the establishment and perfection of Chinese market-driven economy, business bribery, a "cancer" of market economy, has done more and more harm and become unwritten rules in many industries. It draws attention nation wide from the Party’s central committee and State Council to the public.Since july in 2005, Party’s central committee has begun deploying the rectification of business bribery, and determined to redouble effort on it in 2006.In order to assist the rectification work, NPC Standing Committee issued the Sixth Amendment to Criminal Code, broadening the scope of crimes of business bribery.Survey shows that in 2006, the annual business bribery cases examined and closed by national court amounted to 359 for enterprises crime and 8310 for government officials crime. Although some achievement has been made in the work of beating business bribery, it is still a tip of the Iceberg when compared to the factual situation.As a criminal judge, the author intends to explore the obstacles to punishing the business bribery crimes, and then proposes some principles as to how to make improvement on the law of business bribery.First of all, the author invetigates the current situation of business bribery as well as it’s legislation in china, and by adopting methods of contrast and analysis, he argues that conception of business bribery crime should be broadened and all the crimes regulated in criminal law should be included..business bribery crime poses devastating effects on our country, namely, deviating from rules of maket economy and blocking the effective operation of market mechanisms; increasing transactions costs, violating consumers’benefits and wasting public resources; ruining social ethos and affecting the construction of harmonious society; laying a nursery for official crimes and counteracting our previous effort against corruption; damaging the international images of our country and polluting our international investment environments. With tremendous efforts in the last two centuries, western countries has established relatively complete legislation on punishing business bribery crimes.Since the reform and opening-up policy was enforced, we have made constant improvement on legislation and have established preliminary legal structures on punishing business bribery crimes. But still there are flaws in legislation in terms of the factual crime measurment and punishment. The first is the deficiency of leislative models on business bribery crimes, such as overemphasizing the criminal laws but underestimating the value of legalization of subordinate laws and the ambiguous calssification of non-official bribery crimes. The second is the rough structure of business bribery crimes such as the bribery type only limited to property and the ingregient of bribery behavior to actual giving, strict subjiective inregient to bribery crime, blurring boundary to descriminate illegal profit, hard objective ingrejient and inappropriate definition of seeking benefit for the third party. The third is unbalanced penalty distribution of bribery crime,such as cruelty of death penaty, the extensity of property penalty, and nominal qualification penalty.In order to address the problems existing in the legislation of business bribery crimes, the author learns experence from legislation practice of foreign countries and proposes that legislature models be bettered, subordinate ciminal legislation be strengthened, and non-official business crimes be classified into "raid the market order" crime, in section 8, chapter two.Making improvement on the structure of business bribery crimes, including the scope of bribery being extended to all types of possessions, the amendment of the behavior ingredients as "promise, advice or actual giving", the modification of the subjective ingredients as "make someone involved misuse authority or violate duty" and abolishment of the objective ingredient, that is, "seeking benefit for the third party".Making improvement on statuted penalty distributions, including the abolishment of death penalty in business bribery crimes; adding high- proportion fine penalty as a single punishment; amending the political right deprivation penalty and adding deprivation and limitation practition penalty, etc.更多还原