关于行政补偿标准的若干问题研究

【作者】 戴珊；

【导师】 刘玉平；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 宪法与行政法学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 行政补偿标准就是补偿义务机关根据社会特别立法的规定，考虑社会公平正义原则，依法裁量，给予被补偿权利人以补偿的计算方法、计算依据。行政补偿的标准是补偿请求人能否获得正当补偿的关键。我国目前整体的规范化行政补偿制度尚未建立，大量的行政补偿问题尚无法可依，致使公民、法人和其他组织因公共利益遭受到的损失得不到适当补偿，甚至完全得不到任何补偿。从立法上看，我们国家还没有一部统一的行政补偿法，有关行政补偿的规定散见在宪法、单行法律法规甚至相关政策之中。如《土地管理法》、《房屋拆迁管理条例》、《水法》、《防洪法》、《警察法》、《蓄滞洪区运用补偿暂行办法》等等。这些法律、法规虽然对行政补偿做出了探索性的具体措施，但是仅规定了在什么情况下应予补偿，而究竟应该怎样去实施并没有一个明确的可供操作的程序；有的法律、法规中即使有一个较为完整的可以实施的程序，但也存在着标准、范围、数据等诸多问题的不统一。所以，如果宪法中缺失补偿及补偿原则的明确条款，对需要补偿以及补偿的范围和种类等方面没有统一的标准可资遵循，则极易导致公正性出现偏差。虽然我国现行宪法第四次修改增加了征收、征用的补偿条款，但对补偿的标准没有提及，而且配套制度设计的滞后性、不合理性，也使得具体补偿标准在实践中远远不能弥补公民所遭受的损失，依然难免会存在国家机关滥用自由裁量权侵害私有财产权的现象，不利于私有财产权的保护。因此笔者认为，对有关行政补偿标准的相关问题进行深入的探讨，具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在运用法学、政治学、社会学等多学科知识的基础上，从分析行政补偿的概念出发，对行政补偿标准的基本理论问题进行了较为深入的阐释；在借鉴有关国家和地区行政补偿标准立法经验的基础上，对我国行政补偿标准的现状重新审视和梳理。本文旨在以改革和完善我国现有行政补偿标准为立足点，结合我国行政补偿标准在立法和现实中存在的问题，对我国行政补偿标准的完善从立法和实践两方面予以重新架构。全文共分为五章：第一章为行政补偿标准的概说。本章从分析行政补偿的概念出发，通过与相关概念的比较研究，对行政补偿的概念重新作出界定。在此基础上，进而对有关行政补偿理论依据的几种观点加以解释和评说，提出以“特别牺牲理论”作为我国行政补偿理论基础的建议。第二章为影响行政补偿标准的因素。本章首先结合国内外的相关规定，分析了影响行政补偿标准的指导原则；其次，进一步明确了影响行政补偿标准的其他因素。第三章为行政补偿标准的计算。本章主要在借鉴国外部分国家有关行政补偿标准计算的理论的基础上，结合我国大陆以及台湾地区现有的计算标准，进而对行政补偿计算标准进行反思与重构。第四章为我国行政补偿标准的立法现状及完善。本章首先分析了我国立法上有关行政补偿标准的现状，针对我国行政补偿标准立法上存在的问题，笔者提出应以“正当补偿”的原则为指导，确立“相当补偿说”的行政补偿标准，适时制定一部统一的行政补偿法的立法建议。第五章为行政补偿标准的运作实践。本章以土地征用补偿标准为例，针对实践中出现的补偿强度偏弱、补偿标准过低等现象，笔者建议在实践执行中，应细化具体的行政补偿标准，逐步增强行政补偿的强度，针对不同的征地目的实行分类补偿，注意不同的区位条件实行级差补偿，同时要以公平合理原则为指导，确立损失评估机制，以“产值倍数法”为基础，进行创新和发展，进而对行政补偿标准的完善作出了初步的构想。更多还原

【Abstract】 The administration compensates standard is the compensatory obligation organization according to the society specially legislative provision, considering the social fair justice principle,cutting quantity by law, giving the compensation of compute method and compute basis to the compensated right person. The administration compensates standard is the key to the compensatory applicant can acquire the proper compensation. Since China’s current overall standardized administrative compensation system has not yet been established, there is no legal basis for a large number of the compensation, so as to resulting in the citizens, legal persons and other organizations suffered from the loss caused by public interest and were deprived of appropriate compensation, or even without any compensation. From the legislative perspective, our country has not yet formulated a unified administrative Compensation Act, the regulations relating to the compensation scattered in the Constitution, single laws and regulations, even the relevant policies. Such as "Land Management Law", "Housing Relocation Management Ordinance", "Water Act", "Flood Prevention", "Police Law", "Compensation flood detention basin use these procedures" and so on. Although these laws and regulations have stipulated specific measures for administrative compensation, but only to provide regulations such as under what circumstances should be compensated, but without clear operating procedures to show how should the compensation be implemented. Even though some laws and regulations may include comparatively comprehensive procedures for implementation, they also have differences in standards, applicable fileds, data and so on. Therefore, it is very much possible to lead to deviation of impartiality if the Constitution is lack of clear terms of compensation and compensation principles or unified standards of the scope and variety of compensation. Although the fourth amendment of our current Constitution has added in the compensation provisions of levy and requisition, but still in defect of the regulations of compensation standards. Meanwhile, the supporting systems have not been updated and revised in time, which also make the implementation of specific compensation standards far less than the losses suffered by citizens. It is inevitable that there will still be illegal cases of state organizations possessing private property, which will not be conducive to the protection of private property rights.Therefore, in my opinion, On the executive compensation issues related to standards of conduct in-depth discussions, is of great practical significance.Based on the use of law, political science, sociology and other academic knowledge, this paper begins with an analyse of the concept of executive compensation, then goes to more in-depth explanation about the basic theoretical issues of the compensation standards; by using the experience of national and regional administrative compensation standards legislation for refernce, the paper shows a re-examine course of the present status of our national administrative compensation standards. Finally, with the standpoint of revising and improving our current administrative compensation standards, I raise the problems emerged during the course of legislation and implementation of the administrative compensation standards; On China’s executive compensation standards improved from both legislation and practice to be re-structure;The full text is totally divided into 5 chapters:Chapter 1 is the generalization of administration compensates standard. This c-hapter is set out from analysising the concept of administration compensate, throu-gh the comparison between research and related concept, remaked the concept of the administration compensates. In this foundation, then to explain and comment s-everal viewpoints of the theory basis, to propose the suggestion that use "speciallysacrifices the theory" as the theory basis of administration compensates in our cou-ntry.Chapter 2 is the factor that influence administration compensates standard. Thi-s chapter first unified the domestic and foreign correlations stipulation, analyzed theguiding principle that influence administration compensate standard;Next. further ex-plicited other factors that influence administration compensate standard. Chapter 3 is the computation of the administration compensates standard. This chapter mainly in the theory foundation of drawing the computation lessons from part of foreign nation, unifying the existing basis of calculation in our country and Taiwan area, then reconsider and construct the computation of the administration compensates standard.Chapter 4 is the present situation and the consummation of administration co-mpensates standard in our country. This chapter first analyzed the present situationof legislation in our country, aim at the exist question of the legislation, the author proposes we should take the principle of "proper compensation" as to guide on the lawmaking, establish the compensates standard of "equal compensation", draw up an Administration Compensation Act in proper time.Chapter 5 is the operation of administration compensates standard. In this chapter,the compensates standard of taking over the land as an example, against the phenomenon of low compensates standard in practice, the writer thinks the performance should detail the specific compensates standard, strengthen the strength of administration compensatesgradually, the different purpose of land acquisition give the different classification compensation, pay attention to the different condition give the different classification compensation, guided by the principles offair and reasonable in the meantime, establish damage assessment mechanism, innovate and develop on the basis of "value multiples law".更多还原