我国农村土地征用问题的民法思考

【作者】 郑孝军；

【导师】 刘心稳；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 目前,我国农村土地征用的问题是一个困绕民法学界的重大课题。因征用集体所有土地而引起的矛盾较为突出;在征用补偿这样事关农民安身立命的重大问题上,国家层面的法律欠缺,使得有些地方农民合法权益被侵犯,导致农民越级上访、集体上访等现象时有发生,如不妥善加以处理,势必影响社会的安定,影响经济社会的协调发展,影响和谐社会的构建;笔者就当前土地征用后出现的社会主要矛盾及存在的现实问题,本文用比较的方法、实证的方法、历史考察的方法等对其进行研究、探讨,站在民法的角度进行思考,经过研究得出的基本观点是:一是征用的目的要合法,为了公共的利益;二是征用的程序要合法;三是要给人家充分的补偿;四是还要给农民解决生存问题。过去的征用的制度是有缺陷的,应该在土地征用的目的和适用的范围、征用的程序、补偿的标准、农民失去土地后的安置等加以完善。新颁布的物权法规定的合理性大多了,但是仍然还有不足的地方。本篇论文除前言和结论之外共分为四个部分。第一部分从社会现象和理论上看农村土地征用存在的问题。提出了土地征用的范围过宽、土地征用补偿标准偏低,且难以到位、失地农民的长远生计得不到保障;我国在立法上混淆了“土地征收”和“土地征用”两种行为;农村土地所有权主体虚置,权利得不到法律的有效保护;土地征用程序也不规范,为权力寻租提供了空间。从计划经济体制和思想残余的作用、国家对集体土地的控制还没有改变二方面找出问题产生的原因。第二部分列举了农村土地征用所造成的损害:一是土地权利人的权利受到损害;二是农村集体土地被放在二等权利的地位;三是对我国法制的建设也产生一定的损害;四是对当前社会发展造成了不利的影响。第三部分对国外部分国家的土地征用制度进行民法考察。通过一般的概述、比较分析出国外部分国家的土地征用制度与我国制度的不同点和相同点,找出值得我们借鉴的地方。第四部分提出完善我国农村土地征用制度的基本思路及对策。这部分是本文的重点,一是要确立农村集体土地权利平等的观念,农村集体和农民个人理应作为相对人(主体)享有平等的权利;二是加强土地征用制度的改革。要在立法上,加强对农村集体土地所有权的维护,在征用制度层面上,肃清计划经济时期的制度残余,设立新的立法制度;我国部分地方进行了大胆改革创新,使农村土地征用制度观念的转变;从司法上确定第七次全国民事审判工作会议精神,全面打造“和谐司法”。值得说明的是,由于个人研究条件和水平的限制,本文挖掘的深度还不够,有待于进一步研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, countryside land in our country taking over for use the question is sleepily circles the civil law educational world important issue.Because of taking over for use the contradiction which collective all lands causes to be prominent; In takes over for use compensates in the major issue which such critical time farmer settles down and gets on with life ,The national stratification plane law is short of, Causes some places farmer legitimate rights and interests to encroach, causes the farmer to jump the ranks appeals for help, the collective appeals for help and so on the phenomenon sometimes occurs, If not properly performs to process, inevitably will affect social the stability, will affect the economic society the coordinated development, will affect harmonious social constructing; The author takes over for use the social principal contradiction and the existence realistic question after the current land which appears, This article with the comparison method, the real diagnosis method, the historical inspection method and so on conducts the research, the discussion in it, Stands carries on the ponder in the civil law angle, obtains the basic concept after the research is: the first , takes over for use the goal must be legitimate, for public benefit; the second, takes over for use the procedure must be legitimate; the third, must give others full compensating; Four is also must give the farmer to solve the survival problem. The past took over for use the system had the flaw, should which the standard, the farmer which took over for use after the land the goal and the suitable scope, take over for use the procedure, compensates loses the land the placement and so on to perform to consummate. Newly promulgated reality of laws stipulation rationality mostly, but still also had the insufficiency the place. This paper altogether divides into four parts except outside the foreword and the conclusion.The first part from the social phenomenon and theoretically looked the countryside land takes over for use the existence the question. Proposed the land takes over for use the scope width, the land has taken over for use compensates the standard to be somewhat low, also arrives with difficulty, loses farmer’s long term livelihood not to be able to obtain the safeguard; Our country confused "the land in the legislation to levy" and "the land takes over for use" two kinds of behaviors; the countryside land ownership main body is inaccurate, the right cannot obtain legal the effective protection; The land takes over for use the procedure not to be standard, sought for the authority has provided the space. From the planned economy system and the thought remaining function, our country has not changed two aspects to the collective land idea to discover has the question reason. The second part has enumerated the harm which the countryside land takes over for use creates: One is the land power altruistic right receives the harm; Two is the countryside collective land is put on two and so on the right status; Three, also has the certain harm to our country legal system construction; Four, developed to the current society has had the disadvantageous influence.The third part takes over for use the system to the overseas partial national land to carry on the civil law inspection. Exterior through the general outline, the comparative analysis go abroad is divided national the land to take over for use the system and our country system different spot and the same spot, Discovers place which is worth our profiting from. The third part takes over for use the system to the overseas partial national land to carry on the civil law inspection. Exterior through the general outline, the comparative analysis go abroad is divided national the land to take over for use the system and the country system different spot and the same spot, discovers place which is worth us profiting from.The fourth part proposed consummates our country countryside land to take over for use the system the basic mentality and the counter measure. This part is this article key point, one is must establish the countryside collective land right equality the idea, the countryside collective and farmer individual should take the relative person (main body) enjoys the equal the right; Two, strengthens the land to take over for use the system the reform. Must in the legislation, strengthen to the countryside collective landownership maintenance, in takes over for use in the system stratification plane, eliminates the planned economy time the system to be remaining, sets up the new legislation system; The our country partial places have carried on the bold reform innovation, causes the countryside land to take over for use the system idea the transformation; From the judicature determined the seventh nation civil administration of justice conference spirit, comprehensively makes "the harmonious judicature".Is worth explaining, as a result of individual research condition and the level limit, the depth which this article excavates is also insufficient, waits for further studies.更多还原