【作者】 肖永良；

【导师】 王沫；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 农药学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 栀子又名为山栀子、黄栀子、黄枝子等，是一种常用中药材，药材栀子(Fructus c)在《中华人民共和国药典》(2000年版，一部)收载为茜草科(Rubiaceae)栀子属植物栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Eills)的干燥成熟果实。鉴于当前中药材栀子的生产还没有生产质量管理规范，本研究在GAP原则的指导下，对湖北省孝感地区栀子GAP种植中害虫防治进行了研究，结果如下：对湖北省孝感市孝南区栀子产区的昆虫种群调查分析表明：栀子园内的节肢动物共有140个种，其中昆虫纲114个种，蛛形纲26个种。发现栀子主要害虫有日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green、栀子卷叶螟Archernis tropicalis Walker、桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)、非洲蝼蛄Gryllotalpa africana Palisot、铜绿金龟子Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky、暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky、咖啡透翅天蛾Cephonodes Hylas Linnaeus、蛴螬；主要天敌有螟虫长距茧蜂，大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael，赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus。通过园间定点观察和小区药效试验，栀子卷叶螟Archernis tropicalis Walker在湖北省孝感地区一年发生四代。世代重叠，以幼虫在枯叶中的薄茧内越冬，翌年3月恢复取食，4月上旬开始化蛹，4月中、下旬羽化产卵，至6月中旬是第一代幼虫的发生为害期，7月上、中旬至8月中旬是第二代幼虫的盛发期，第三代幼虫则于9月上、中旬出现一直危害至11月上、中旬，第四代幼虫(越冬代)于11月下旬陆续结薄茧相继进入越冬休眠。选用市售5种药剂(2.5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油2500倍液，48％乐斯本乳油1500倍液，20％阿维·杀单微乳剂2500倍液，12％马·杀螟松乳油600倍液，25％勇杀乳油1500倍液)进行园间防治试验的结果表明：只要使用有效浓度在防治适期施药，均能获得92％以上的防治效果。通过园间定点观察和小区药效试验，日本龟蜡蚧以受精雌虫在栀子枝干上越冬，翌年5月上旬开始产卵，6月上中旬是卵孵盛期，若虫无性别之分，至7月末若虫开始分化雌雄，9月上旬为雄虫羽化盛期，雄虫羽化后即与雌虫交尾，2～3d后死亡，雌虫则继续取食危害，至11月中旬进入越冬期。选择市售5种药剂(35％蚧杀特乳油1500倍液，48％乐斯本乳油1000倍液，2.5％三氟氯氰菊酯乳油1000倍液，25％勇杀乳油1000倍液，25％阿克泰水分散粒剂5000倍液)进行园间小区防治试验表明：25％阿克泰水分散粒剂5000倍液，48％乐斯本乳油1000倍液，防治效果较好，分别是83.41％、76.45％。应用佳多频振式杀虫灯进行了栀子害虫的物理技术防治试验。结果表明：该灯对栀子园中的暗黑鳃金龟子Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky、非洲蝼蛄Gryllotalpa africana Palisot、铜绿金龟子Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky、栀子卷叶螟Archerniustropicalis Walker、咖啡透翅天蛾Cephonodes Hylas Linnaeus等栀子主要害虫有明显的诱集作用；该灯诱杀天敌与害虫的比例是1：218.49～1：96.5，诱集到的天敌主要有草蛉科Chrysopidae、瓢甲科Coccinellidae、茧蜂科Bramnidae。对灯控区与非灯控区的叶片被害率调查表明，灯控区的叶片被害率比非灯控区的叶片被害率普遍低2.5％～22.9％，说明应用频振式杀虫灯能降低虫口密度，有效控制害虫危害。同时，根据害虫成虫诱集时间、数量与面上生育期观察，其动态变化基本一致，该灯可以用于幼虫的发生期、发生量预报。采取挖土调查，结合利用频振式杀虫灯对成虫诱测，明确了暗黑鳃金龟子Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky、非洲蝼蛄Gryllotalpa africana Palisot、铜绿金龟子Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky的发生规律。更多还原

【Abstract】 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a common Chinese traditional medicinal materialsincluded in the 2000’s pharmacopcacia of People’s Republic of China. it is the dry root androotstalk of the plant of Fructus gardeniae. Whereas there are no guidelines of GAP ofGardenia jasminoides Ellis, under the guidance of the principle of GAP, researched thepest management in the GAP of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis for the first time in the regionof Xiaogan Hubei. The results are as follows:The result of the systematical research on the Population in gardenia field in Xiaogancity showed that there were about 140 species in the arthropod community. Among them114 species belong to Insecta and 26 species belong to Aranerda. Ceroplastes japonicusGreen, Archernis tropicalis Walker, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Gryllotalpa africanaPalisot, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, Holotrichiaparallela Motschulsky, Cephonodes Hylas Linnaeus are the main pests in the gardeniafield while the major nature enemies are Macrocentrus linearis Nees, Trichogramma spp.、Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael and Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus.The field investigation and the field controlling trial were carried out for the research.Archernis tropicalis Walker occurred for 4 generations annually in Xiaogan area of HubeiProvince. It overwintered as larva inside thin cocoons in the litter, resumed feeding inMarch next year, and began to pupate in the first 10 days of April. Adultses and eggsappeared in the second or last 10 days of April, from then to mid-June was the occurrenceand injuring period of the first generation larva. Major occurrence period of the secondgeneration larva lasted from the first or second 10 days of July to mid-August, the thirdgeneration larva appeared in the first or second 10 days of September and injuring lastedto the first or second 10 days of November, the fourth generation larva (the overwinteringgeneration) making thin cocoons entered the overeintering period of dormancy. Theresult of five commercial pesticides against A. tropicalis Walker in field trial showed thatthe controlling effect were over 92% when used in proper period.The field investigation and the plot controlling trial were carried out for the research.Ceroplastes japonicus Green overwintered as female adult in the limb, and began tooviposit in the first 10 days of May next year, with the incubation peak appeared in thefirst or second 10 days of June. Male and female larva began to differentiation in the lateJuly, and the male adult emergence peak appeared in the first 10 days of September.Newly emerged male adult mated with female adult, and died after 2～3 days. Femaleadult enter into the overwintered stage in the middle 10 days of the November. The result of five commercial pesticides against Ceroplastes japonicus Green in field trial show thatthe controlling effect of 25% thiamethoxamWG 5000 times, 48% chlorpyrifos EC 1000times were 83.41%, 76.45%.Effectiveness of the Jiaduo insect killer lamp in monitoring and controlling pestswas tested in the gardeniae field. The results showed that the lamp effectively attracted themajor pests, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot, Anomalacorpulenta Motschulsky, Archernius tropicalis Walker and Cephonodes Hylas Linnaeus.The proportion of lured pests and natural enemies was 1:218.49 to 1: 96.5.The attractedmajor natural enemies were Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Bramnidaee. The resultrevealed that the damaged rate of leaves in the fields where the lamps were placedreduced 2.5% to 22.9% compared with those without lamps, indicated the lamp canreduce the larval descity and control the injury of pest efficaciously. According to thetrapped time of adults, amount and growth period at the same time, the dynamic changewas basically coincident and the lamp can apply to forecast the occurred time and amountof larva. It maked clear occurrence gegulatity of the main underground pests, Holotrichiaparallela Motschulsky, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky,with excavation investigation and use the insect killer lamp lured adults.更多还原