【作者】 吴永英；

【导师】 王立群；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 微生物学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 对畜禽粪便而言，一方面大量的畜禽粪便会造成严重的环境污染问题，另一方面如果用科学的方法对其进行处理，不仅可以控制污染，保护环境，同时还能够为农业生产提供宝贵的肥料。目前，国内外畜禽粪便的处理方法很多，但是由于好氧堆肥具有经济、简便、不需要外加能源、无二次污染等优点，又适合我国当前的实际情况，所以好养堆肥方法成为我国处理禽粪便的主要方式。长期以来曾取得了一定的效果，但由于堆肥法发酵周期较长，所以面对养禽业的迅猛发展，尚不足以解决所产生的粪便等废弃物对环境污染所造成的威胁。而大量的研究表明决定好氧堆肥发酵周期长短的根本原因，除了堆肥过程的可控因素外，更重要的是堆肥发酵中最关键的因素——微生物。堆肥接种微生物菌剂的研究表明，接种微生物菌剂处理效果并不很好，主要是由于菌剂内的微生物会不同程度的与堆肥本身的土著微生物间发生拮抗作用，甚至堆肥土著微生物之间存在拮抗作用，从而导致分解有机废弃物的效果减弱。所以对堆肥内的土著微生物进行研究是解决堆肥问题的关键。此类研究已有很多，但是对其中的霉菌专项细致研究的未见报道。本项目针对鸡粪及废弃物好氧堆肥中霉菌进行了深入细致的研究，包括如下内容：①霉菌的分离：全程共分离霉菌87株，其中常温菌55株、中温菌27株、高温菌5株。②霉菌的种类和数量的变化趋势研究表明：随着堆肥温度的升高霉菌的总数呈现先升高后迅速下降的趋势，在30～35℃范围内数量达到最大值，当温度达到55℃时没有筛到霉菌；而霉菌的种类数却一直呈现明显下降的趋势。③霉菌的降解特性结果发现只有常温和部分中温期分离的霉菌具有水解淀粉的作用，水解能力强的菌株为青霉属和轮枝孢属；霉菌在中、高温段分解蛋白效果佳，分解能力强的菌株属于青霉、曲霉、和木霉属；霉菌中、高温段对纤维素的分解作用强，菌株属于青霉、曲霉和木霉属。只有常温段的部分毛霉对脂肪的水解起微弱的作用。④高效菌株的生态相关性研究表明，同属性的霉菌菌株间为互生关系，不同属的部分菌株间存在拮抗作用，具体为轮枝孢属的菌株不同程度的抑制青霉、曲霉和木霉属的部分菌株的生长；⑤效应菌株组合接种堆肥的效果研究表明中温阶段效应菌株组合能够明显的促进堆肥的快速腐熟；高温阶段菌株组合对堆肥的促腐熟效果不明显；常温菌株组合效果差。也就是说霉菌在堆肥中温段发挥作用较大。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the intensive husbandry, more poultry manure casused serious environment pollution, onthe other hand, while disposal of these poultry manure rightly to make them become fertilizer forus is not impossible. Meanwhile it’s beneficial to protect the environment and control pollution. Atpresent, there are many approaches in treating the poultry manure, but aerobic compost is the bestway because of merits such as economical, convenient, no more extender, no secondry pollutionand so on. So the aerobic compost is widly used in our country and has some result in handle thepoultry manure. However, the period of the aerobic composting does not adapt to the developmentof the husbandry, and much manure cann’t be make harmless before released into the environment.A lot of studies show that the microbes are the main point effecting the period of the compostexcept other controllable factors. Through the bad inoculation effection in experiments of addingthe microbes into the system of the aerobic compost directly we know that there may be theantagonism between the microbes added and the aboriginal ones, further more among theaboriginal microbes. So we can not get the good result just like our expection. To understand moreabout the aboriginal microbes become the key point. Here gives a special-prupose study of thefungi in the aerobic compost of poultry manure.□Isolation of the fungi: 87 strains in the whole compost, 55 strains are mesophilic ones, 27middle-temperature ones, and 5 thermophilic ones.□Variety classes of fungi and trend of the quantity show that the muber of the total trainsincreases at the beginning and then decreases, at 30～35□to the peak. At 55□no strains areisolated, and the vareties always decreases form the beginning.□The results of the degradation show that only some mesophilic and middle-temperture fungihave the effect of amylolysis, Penicillium and Verticillium play best on it;Fungi have mostpowerful effect of albuminolysis at middle-temperature and high-temperature phases, and they arePenicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma, which also have the decomposition effect of cellulose;Only Mucor can decomposte the fat;□Through study about the relativity among the fungi, there exists mutualism in the sameGenus, and antatonism in the different Genus. Verticillium have the inhibition to the some strains ofPenicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma.□The inoculation of the combined strains from the different temperature in the compost canaccelerate the digest obviously; The combined strains from the middle-temperature have the lesseffect compared with the former; The ones form mesophilic and high-temperature phases don’t play well; So here shows the fungi from the different-temperature have the dominate effect, andthen the combined strains from the middle-temperature phase on the accelerating the digest in theaerobic compost.更多还原