台湾优良用材树种引进与繁育技术研究

【作者】 许信玲；

【导师】 方升佐； 徐俊森；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 林业， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 台湾是我国第一大岛，岛内高山耸立，气候温暖，雨量充沛，孕育着许多珍贵而特有的树种。为了丰富福建省人工林造林树种，加快森林培育的发展，促进海峡两岸林业科技的交流与林木种质资源的互补，在福建省林业厅的大力支持下，自1996年起，以来舟林业试验场、闽清美菰国有林场等为试验基地，先后从台湾引进了峦大杉、台湾杉、红桧、台湾肖楠、台湾赤杨5种优良用材树种，有计划地安排引种树种的播种育苗、发芽试验与扦插扩繁，并通过对树种的多点造林比较试验，进行了育苗技术、生长情况及抗寒力等观测研究。在近10年的引种栽培过程中，用试验示范方法在周边县、市推广了峦大杉、台湾杉、红桧、台湾肖楠等树种中试造林造林，提出了保存与评价利用相结合的异地保存模式。通过对台湾主要树种造林表现与综合效果分析，总结提出峦大杉、台湾杉、红桧、台湾肖楠、台湾赤杨各自配套育苗及造林技术，为进一步推广应用提供科学依据。10年的引种试验结果表明：引进的树种的种子发芽率情况与原产地相比，基本都在32.1～68.8％的正常范围内；峦大杉、台湾杉、红桧、台湾肖楠抗逆性较强，未受寒害，能在引种地正常越冬，正常生长发育，台湾赤杨仅叶尖及幼芽等部位轻度受寒害，但植株恢复生长较快，大多已郁闭成林，并有部分开花结果。峦大杉插穗扦插后81d产生不定根，其不定根的形成与愈伤组织并无明显的关系，为皮部生根型的树种。插穗类型、激素种类和激素浓度的三因素、三水平正交试验表明，采用不具顶芽的2级侧枝为插穗，在100mg／kgABT2号生根粉中浸泡4h，插穗生根率超过80％，是提高生根率，促进不定根生长的较优技术。通过插穗长度、插穗部位、插穗年龄、插穗留叶量和扦插基质对扦插生根生长影响的简单对比试验结果可知，以黄心土为扦插基质，截取1年生已木质化的1级侧枝为插穗，插穗长度12cm，扦插前去掉下半部2／3针叶这种处理方法有利于峦大杉插穗的生根。红桧扦插试验表明，激素类型是影响插穗成活及抽高的最主要因素，选择好激素类型是扦插的关键。各处理平均成活率达94％，效果显著。插穗在50mg／kg的ABT2号溶液中浸泡6h成活率最高，抽高最佳的组合为ABT2号、200mg／kg激素浓度、浸泡2h。在实际生产应用中，可采用低浓度长处理时间或高浓度短处理时间来处理穗条均可达到较佳效果。台湾五大针叶树种之一的峦大杉引种造林试验表明，不同造林密度对峦大杉树高生长、单株材积生长影响不显著，但对胸径、冠幅生长及林分蓄积量影响达极显著水平，说明适当稀植，有利于峦大杉胸径和冠幅生长。峦大杉早期生长比本地杉木缓慢，但8～9a生时高生长与杉木接近，10a生进入生长旺期，高生长开始超过杉木，表现出较强的生长潜力。台湾杉引种造林试验表明，在一定密度范围内，适当稀植有利于台湾杉树高及胸径生长，不同造林密度对台湾杉、秃杉生长的差异不显著，台湾杉生长略优于秃杉两者差异不显著。红桧、台湾肖楠适应性强，长势很好，两者同属柏科树种，树形优美，极具观赏价值，可作为用材和园林绿化树种进行栽培。台湾赤杨生长优于江南桤木，8年生台湾赤杨试验林，平均树高已达7.2m，平均胸径6.8cm，长势良好，每年落叶量较大，是针叶树很好的伴生树种。据2006年2月初步调查，每hm~2落叶量为8.5～12.5t，叶含N量高达2.7％；而且根系也很发达。应用木材解剖学的方法，比较分析台湾杉和秃杉、峦大杉和杉木主要组成部分的结构。解剖分析结果：台湾杉和秃杉轴向薄壁组织的分布格局、数量、细胞内含物，以及射线高度、最多细胞数和密度等都很相似，并且在外部形态上具有许多相似之处，不易区分。本研究认为台湾杉属的秃杉与台湾杉应合并为一个种较妥。而峦大杉、杉木解剖分析结果表明，两个树种在年轮组成、生长层、管胞形态、管胞的壁与腔、纹孔的分布和密度、轴向薄壁组织、细胞特征、射线的组成等都存在一定的差异，本研究通过分析认为，峦大杉应该是杉木中的一个变种较为合理，这与前人的研究是一致的。通过对台湾引种树种的综合调查和评价，生长较佳的有台湾五大针叶树种中的峦大杉、台湾杉、红桧、台湾肖楠四种，可在全省推广种植；台湾赤杨为非豆科固氮树种，是全省针叶树种营造混交林的较佳伴生树种。并总结出5种台湾树种的各自相配套的育苗、造林技术，为进一步推广应用提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taiwan is the biggest island in China. It owns warm climate and rich rainfalls.There are many mountains in the island where there are many special and rare trees.Since 1996, Cunninghamia konishii Hay., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.,Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum., Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Florin, andAlnus forrnosana(Thunb.)Steud, were introduced to Laizhou forest center, MingqingMeigu state-owned forest center from Taiwan in order to enrich the tree species ofafforestation and develop the forest cultivation. The technology of seedling, growthsituation, and cold resistance were studied by arranging the experiments of sowing,breeding, germinating and cutting propagation. After ten years study, Cunninghamiakonishii Hay., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum.,Calocedrus forrnosana (Florin) Florin etc. had been extended in the around town andcity, and the different preserves pattern which is combined with preserve and utilize inthe method of experiment and demonstration have been formed. Up to now, thetechniques of seedling cultivation and afforestation of Cunningharnia konishii Hay.,Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay., Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Florin, and Alnusformosana (Thunb.) Steud. have been summarized through analyzing the stands growthand comprehensive effect.The results of 10 years experiment have indicated that the ratios of germinationwas 32.1～68.8% which were as nearly same as that of source area. The Cunninghamiakonishii Hay., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay., and Calocedrus formosana (Florin)Florin had more strong resistance than others, so they could survive and grow normallyin the winter. Only the apex of leaves and the germ of Alnus formosana(Thunb.)Steud.were slightly damaged in the winter, however, they could recover from the damagesoon. Now, the most of stands became density and some of them were blossoming andbearing fruit.Cunninghamia konishii Hay. would burn adventitious boot after cuttaged andasseled for 81 days. There is not obvious relationship between the formation ofadventitious boot and callus, because the roots of Cunninghamia konishii Hay. were bum from cutaneous region. The both experiment of horizontal orthogonal and thefactors that models of tassel, the kinds of hormone and the hormone concentrationindicated that lateral branches of two levels of no terminal bud was cuttingshoot.The cutting shoot would exceed 80% after dip in 100mg/kgABT2 for 4h, whichwill improve the footage percentage and the growth of adventitious root. It was knownthrough the simple compare experiment of influence of cutting length, cutting place,cutting foliage and cutting medium that it was better for the growth of Cunninghamiakonishii Hay. that put lateral branch which length 12cm, grew for one year, lignifiedand taken out two thirds needle leafages into yellow subsoil.The cottage experiment of Chamaecyparis fortnosensis Matsum. indicated thathormone type was the major influencing factor that decided the survival of cutting. Sothe choose of hormone type was very important. The survival ratios of every treat weremore than 94%. The biggest survival ratio of cutting was that the cutting was dipped in50mg/kg ABT liquor for 6h. The best treat was that the cutting was dipped in200mg/kg ABT2 for 2h. In practice, the best methods was that the cutting wastreated with lower concentration for longer time or with higher concentration forshorter time.The experiment of Cunninghamia konishii Hay., which was one of the mostimportant five conifer tree species in Taiwan, indicated that there was not obviousrelationship between stand density and the tree height. However, stand density couldobviously affect the diameter, the growth of crown, and the stand volume. Thisexperiment result indicated that proper thin planting was better for the growth ofdiameter and crown of Cunninghamia konishii Hay. stand. The Chinese fir was growquicker than Cunninghamia konishii Hay., but its height was almost equal after 8-9a.the quickest growing period of Cunninghamia konishii Hay., was at after 10a, and thegrowth would exceed the Chinese fir and had great growth potential. The test ofintroduction and forestation Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. indicated, properly sparsethe forest density was advantageous for the growth of Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.’shigh and chest diameter in a certain density extension. There were not distinct growth difference between Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. And Taiwania flousiana Gaussen inDifferent forest densities. The growth of Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. was a littleadvantage than the growth of Taiwaniaflousiana Gaussen, but the difference was notdistinctness. Both of Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. and Calocedrus formosana(Florin) Florin belongs to Cupressaceae, they can be used as tree species of park andwood as they have common characteristics of beauty tree-like, very valuable ornament,strong adaptability, and the strong growth potential. The growth of Alnus formosana(Thunb.) Steud. would exceed to Alnus trabeculosa. The average height and diameterof Alnus formosana (Thunb.) Steud. stand reached to 7.2m and 6.8cm respectively at8a. It was an ideal associated conifer tree species that had a lot of litters every year andgood growth trend. According to the investigation on February in 2006, Alnusformosana (Thunb.) Steud. had abundance root and the quantity of litters was8.5～12.5t/hm~2 with the 2.7% N.Employing the timber anatomy method, compared the main component structuresof Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. and Taiwania flousiana Gaussen, as well asCunninghamia konishii Hay. and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Theanatomy analysis results indicated: the Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. and Taiwaniaflousiana Gaussen distribution pattern, quantity, cell content, as well as the rayheight, the most cell quantity and density etc were very similar, also the externalshapes had a lot of similarity, they were difficult to distinguish. The study consideredthat it was more reasonable to merge Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay. and Taiwaniaflousiana Gaussen into one tree species. And the anatomy of Cunninghamia konishiiHay. and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. study indicated: the two treespecies had some different in growth ring constitute, growth layer, cell-pipe shape,cell-pipe’s wall and antrum, density, axial thin wall structure, cell character and raycomponent. Through analyzing the studies, we came to a conclusion that it wasreasonable to think Cunninghamia konishii Hay. was a mutation of Cunninghamialanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., which was according to the former research.According to the complete survey and evaluate, four tree species, which introduced from Taiwan, grew well and could be extended in Fujian province. Theywere Cunninghamia konishii Hay., Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay., Chamaecyparisformosensis Matsum., Calocedrus formosana (Florin) Florin and Alnus formosana(Thunb.) Steud., which was not leguminosae but fix Nitrogen species, was the bestassociated tree species in the mixed forest. And the technique of seedlings culture andforestation for five tree species was summarized, which provided a basement for theirapplication in Fujian province in the future.更多还原