费尔巴哈宗教观的研究

【作者】 周虾娇；

【导师】 刘李伟；

【作者基本信息】 华南师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 “人本主义”是费尔巴哈构建其宗教观的哲学依据。费尔巴哈的人本主义是一种自然主义的人本主义，也就是说费尔巴哈是从人的自然性出发来规定人的本质的。他将人的本质理解为人的普遍的感性和类意识。在此基础上，费尔巴哈表述了他的宗教观。他认为宗教产生的心理根源是人的依赖感和对幸福的追求，宗教产生的途径是人的想象力，宗教的本质是人的本质的异化。马克思对费尔巴哈的宗教异化观既有继承，又有变革。马克思认同费尔巴哈关于人创造了宗教，而不是宗教创造了人的观点，但他对宗教的本质又作出了不同于费尔巴哈的历史唯物主义解释。马克思指出费尔巴哈只是从认识论的角度揭示了宗教产生的根源——依赖感，而没有认识到宗教产生的社会根源——国家和社会的异化。在对人的本质的理解上马克思与费尔巴哈也存在很大分歧：费尔巴哈把人看成抽象的自然存在的类存在物，而马克思认为人的本质是其所处的一切社会关系的总和。费尔巴哈的人本主义宗教观对基督教神学的批判是相当深刻的，对当时人们的思想起了启蒙作用。但是，费尔巴哈虽然反对宗教神学，却并不反对宗教本身。他主张构建“爱的宗教”来实现人性的复归。马克思对费尔巴哈这一批判的不彻底性提出了尖锐的批评，并进而用“鸦片说”对宗教进行了彻底的否定，并指出其必然会走向消亡的命运。更多还原

【Abstract】 Humanism is overall tendency of the Feuerbach’s philosophy on which Feuerbach started to think the question about religious essence. He thought that God was man’s essence alienation. Human being disassimilated their essence into an independent spiritual entity which was the God. The God which created by the person was in the opposite status to man and becomes to fetter man and limit man.Marx and Engels both inherited Feuerbach’s religious alienation view and developed it. Marx and Engels approved Feuerbach’s viewpoint which was that man created the god instead of the god creating man, but Marx and Engels made the different explanation on religious essence based on historical materialism from Feuerbach’s. Marx and Engels pointed out that Feuerbach only discovered the root, dependence feeling, from which the religion grew on from the epistemology angle, but had not realized the social root, country and society’s alienation, of religion. There is a big difference on the explanation of man’s essence between Marx and Feuerbach: Feuerbach regarded man as the abstract natural existence of its kind, but Marx and Engels thought man’s essence was a sum total which concluded all its social relations.On religion’s social function, Feuerbach’s humanism critique of religion heavily attacked feudal monarches’ despotic rule and promoted people’s ideological liberation. But, although Feuerbach opposed religion theology, he certainly did not oppose religion itself and he advocated to construct "the religion of love" to realize the human nature regression. Marx criticized the unthoroughness of Feuerbach’s critique sharply, through which he made a thorough denial to religion and pointed out that religion would step to wither away inevitably. But meanwhile Marx and Engels emphasized that in the certain historical stage the freedom of religious belief had positive sense to the historical development and to human itself.更多还原