图形的相似性判断与差异性判断的关系及机制的研究

【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 阴国恩；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 相似性是认知判断的基础，是分类研究的核心内容。以往许多关于相似性的研究都默认相似性和差异性是一个对立镜像关系。近年来随着多种相似性模型的提出，相似性的研究深入到更加复杂的相似性判断的加工过程。相似性判断和差异性判断的关系问题逐渐成为相似性研究中争论的热点问题。本研究包括两个实验，借鉴相似性的研究方法和理论探究相似性判断和差异性判断的关系及机制。实验一采用模拟植物孢子的图片，按照匹配特征的数量成对呈现，要求大学生被试用七点量表评定的方法分别进行相似性判断和差异性判断，研究相似性和差异性的关系，以及相似性判断、差异性判断与匹配特征的关系。实验二采用与标准刺激特征相似和关系相似的图形，让被试选择与标准刺激更相似的和差异更大的，进一步分析相似性判断和差异性判断的关系以及两种判断过程的机制。本研究得出以下结论：(1)相似性判断和差异性判断不是简单的镜像关系。(2)差异性判断的时间长于相似性判断的时间，差异性判断的过程更加复杂。(3)差异性判断的得分显著大于相似性判断的得分，差异性判断比较保守。(4)特征图形的相似性判断比差异性判断更多地考虑匹配特征。(5)在特征与关系共存的时候，特征和关系在相似性判断和差异性判断中起着不同的作用。在相似性判断中更多地考虑关系，而在差异性判断中，关系作为非匹配性差异较少的受到关注，更多地是以特征作为判断的标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 Similarity is a fundamental aspect of judgement, it is a central aspect of categoryscience. Conventional wisdom and previous research suggest that similarityjudgement and difference judgement are inverses of one another. In recent years, withthe development of similarity models, the research of similarity is more deeply, andthe relation of similarity judgements and difference judgements gradualy becomes ahot conversation in similarity research..The present study includes two experiment. Using the way and theories ofsimilarity study, explored the relation and the mechanism of similarity judgement anddifference judgement. Experiment 1 presented the simulative spore picture pairs bydifferent number of the common attributes. Asked the paticipants to estimate thesimilarity and the difference of the pair pictures by a scale ranging from 1 to 7.Explored the relation of similarity judgement and difference judgement and therelation of similarity judgement, difference judgement and the common attributes.Experiment 2 asked subjects choose from the attributional choice and the relationalchoice which was more similar to the standard and more different from the standard.Analyzed the relation of similarity judgement and difference judgement, and themechanism of the two judgement processes. The final results showed that:First, Similarity and difference judgement were not simply mirror to each other.Second, the RT of difference judgement was longer than the RT of similarityjudgement.Third, the scores of difference judgements were bigger than the similarityjudgement scores, difference judgement was more conversation than the judgement ofsimilarity.Forth, the similarity judgement considered more common attributes than thedifference judgement.Fifth, when the attributes and the relations all present, they took different part insimilarity judgement and difference judgement, with relations being more attended toin similarity judgement and attributes more attended to in difference judgement.更多还原