空间微小碎片探测器研制

【作者】 曹光伟；

【导师】 梁金宝；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学院研究生院（空间科学与应用研究中心） ， 空间物理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 随着人类航天活动的开展,空间碎片越来越多,对人类的正常航天活动造成了严重影响。空间微小碎片和微流星体对航天器的危害主要是表面剥蚀或沙蚀,造成表面器件损伤,导致航天器系统故障,对航天器正常运行,带来极大危害。了解空间微小碎片和微流星体的机制,对保障航天安全有重要作用。空间微小碎片和微流星体的数据源比较少,各个工程模型之间有很大的差异,进行空间微小碎片和微流星体的探测对于建立和完善工程模式非常必要。本文分析了空间碎片和微流星体的危害,提出了研制空间微小碎片探测器的意义。对空间微小碎片的探测现状进行了大量调研,特别对利用PVDF压电材料进行空间探测进行了详细研究。对PVDF特性进行了研究,详细分析了碎片撞击PVDF传感器产生的信号特性,结合飞行时间法论述了探测空间微小碎片和微流星体质量和速度的原理。对探测对象进行了详细的分析和计算,选择了合适直径范围的探测对象。在此基础上提出了性能指标和技术方案。随后给出了探测器详细的物理设计方案并对从探头设计到每个单元电路的实现过程进行了详细论述。最后对整机性能进行了测试,并提出了标定方案和几点探测器的改进方案,并且提出了一种更加精确的二维位置探测器的大体设计方法。空间微小碎片探测器是我国第一次研制的天基微小碎片和微流星体探测仪器,功耗小,性能好,能够长时间在太空中工作,是一种新型高效的探测器。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the process of human beings’spaceflight activities, the space debris population continues growth and severely effect the space environment. The main hazards of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids is that when it corrodes the surface of spacecraft, devices will be damaged and maybe result in the spacecraft system failure. Therefore, knowledge of the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mechanism is important to protect the safety of spacecraft.Between the various engineering model of micro space debris and micrometeoroids there is very different for the relatively less data source. So it is necessary to detect the micro space debris and micrometeoroids for the establishment and perfection of engineering model.This paper first analyzes micro space debris and micrometeoroids hazards and the necessary of development of micro space debris and micrometeoroids detector. A great deal of research of space exploration status and in particular a detailed study of using of PVDF piezoelectric materials as sensor is carried out. By analyses of the signal characteristics when debris impact PVDF sensor and combining time-of-flight method the micro space debris and micrometeoroids mass and velocity can be achieved. On this basis the design and technology scheme programs was proposed. Then we present the detailed physics detector design from the sensor as well as each circuit element. Finally, describe the test and the calibration program and a few improvement program and design method of a more accurate two-dimensional position detector.This detector is the first time of developing a space-based micro-debris and micrometeoroids instrument in our country. As a new type of high-efficiency detectors, it is of Small power consumption, good performance, and can long working in space.更多还原