【作者】 崔英杰；

【导师】 李锡鹤；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法大学 ， 民商法， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 在合同法领域,无论是在法学理论还是在司法实践中,无效合同都是一个十分重要的问题。本文围绕无效合同这个中心,比较借鉴其他国家、地区的立法,通过理性分析,深入地探讨无效合同的概念、认定、处理及后果等几个问题,更加清晰地划清相关问题之间的界限,以期完善无效合同制度,从而适应我国市场经济发展的需要。本文共分为引言、正文及结论三部分,其中正文分四章。引言部分对合同的分类进行了明确,提出了文章的主线。广义上的合同应分为三类:一是有效合同;二是效力不完全的合同或者说是效力有瑕疵的合同,包括可撤销合同、效力待定合同、以及在现代通行观念中被划分到无效合同中去的相对无效合同;三是无效合同,只是指绝对无效的合同。本文正是以这种划分标准对无效合同的概念、认定和处理作了论述。第一章首先从合同说起,从法律行为的角度来审视,指出无效合同是虽然已经成立,但因严重欠缺合同有效要件,即违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定和社会公共利益,在法律上自始、当然、确定地不发生当事人预期的法律效果的合同。从性质上来说,无效合同应归入到广义的合同概念中。无效合同制度设计的重要价值目标并非扩大无效合同的认定情形,恰恰相反,其目标是为了将无效合同的情形确定化,尽可能缩小无效合同的范围,这也是同契约自由和契约正义的价值平衡相一致的。文章同时将无效合同与不成立的合同、不生效的合同、相对无效合同、可撤销合同和效力待定合同逐一进行了对比,深化了对该概念的理解。在第二章,文章在探讨和分析大陆法系和英美法系主要国家认定无效合同标准的基础上,深入分析了我国现行民法中对无效合同的认定标准,指出现有标准虽然较前有所进步,但是仍然存在在逻辑混乱,概念不清等缺陷,并提出了修正我国现行无效合同制度的初步设想。在无效合同处理上,文章对无效合同的主张权人和确认合同无效的机关进行了明确。文章同时认为,无效合同的无效为绝对无效,因其违反的是公共利益,因而应强调国家对合同效力的干预,使其终局的、确定的不发生任何效力,而不应对主张或确认合同无效进行时间上的限制。第三章,无效合同的无效只是不发生当事人所预期的法律效果,而并不是不发生任何法律效果。无效合同经主张或确认无效之后,在当事人之间发生恢复原状的义务。具体形式有返还财产或折价赔偿和赔偿损失,在恶意串通订立合同损害国家利益的场合,还应该适用公法上的法律救济手段,即收归国有。尽管无效的确认不应当适用时效,但合同在宣告无效以后,在当事人之间产生相互返还或损害赔偿的请求权。这种请求应当适用时效的规定。在第四章,文章补充了合同部分无效和恶意抗辩两个问题。对于合同部分无效,如果法律已作出明文规定,则直接依该规定确认部分无效;法律若无明文规定,认定部分无效应当符合一定的要件。关于无效合同中常见的恶意抗辩情形,文章认为,对恶意抗辩人的关于合同无效的主张应当支持,但应采取相应措施,以惩戒恶意抗辩人,维护社会公平。结论:总结全文,对文章整体结构进行梳理。更多还原

【Abstract】 The system of void contract is one of the important problems both in the judicial practice and in the contract law’s theory. Focusing on the center of the void contract, this paper compares different legislations with other countries and regions. And by rational analysis, the paper takes deep exploration in the concept, identification and result of void contract, and clearly draws a line between some issues related. Its aim is to improve the void contract system and meet the need of china’s market economy’s development.This paper consists of three parts: the introduction, the body and the conclusion, and the body is divided into four chapters.The introduction makes clear the classification of the contract, and points out the theme of the article. It points out that the general contract should be divided into three categories: First, effective contract; Second, the contract which effect is not entirely or the contract with flawed effect, including the voidable contract, the effect-pending contracts and the relatively void contract, which belongs to the void contract in the modern division; Third, the null or void contract, which only contains the absolutely void contract. This paper just discusses the concept , the identification and the handling of void contract by this standard of division. Chapter I begins from the contract. From the perspective of legal act, void contract is defined as those contracts which, though in existence, doesn’t possess the sanction and can not come into effect because of being lack of necessary conditions, which could not consequently have no force and effect. From the nature of void contract, it belongs to the general contract. The designed goal of the system of void contract is not to expand the scope of the void contract. on the contrary, its goal is to identify the circumstance of the void contract and to narrow the scope of the void contract as far as possible. This is just the same values of freedom of contract and lease agreement. And also, the author discusses the relations between the void contract and the unlawful contract, the relatively void contract, the voidable contract and the effect-pending contracts etc.In Chapter II, on the basis of making detailed comparison and analysis on judgment criterion in the Civil Law countries and Common Law countries and the deep analysis on the judgment criterion of absolutely void contract in our country, the author point out that the existing standard in our country still has some defects in logic and clarity. And then the author puts forward his own opinions. In handling the void contract, the article advocates the right to void the contract and the authorities confirmed a clear avoidance of the contract. The article also believes that the nullification of the void contract is absolutely null, and because of its violation of the public interest. The country’s intervention of the void contract should be emphasized, and therefore the time constraint should not have effect on the advocate or identification of the invalidation of the void contract.In Chapter III, the invalidity of void contract just means that the legal effect client expecting will not occur, but it not means that no legal effect occurs. After the void contract is confirmed, restitution obligations will occur between the parties, which forms are returning property or discount compensation, and compensation for the damage. In the occasions that the malicious collusion damaging the national interests, the anti-civil law legal remedies, nationalization, will be applied, Despite the time limitations should not apply to confirming the void contract, after the void contract is declared to be invalid, the right to seek damages or the return from each other will be brought forth between the parties. And the time limitation should apply to the right of the request.In the Fourth Chapter, two questions are added in the article: the part- nullification contract and malicious defense. For part- nullification contract, if the law has words, we can identify some invalidation of part directly in accordance with the provisions. Without clear stipulates in the law, to identify that should meet certain requirements. As to malicious defense, the article said, malicious defense’s proposal of the null and void contract should be supported, but some corresponding measures should be taken to punish malicious defense and to maintain social justice.The conclusion summarizes the article and sorts up the whole structure.更多还原