司法鉴定公信力研究

【作者】 王国春；

【导师】 张宇润；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 法律， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 司法鉴定是指在诉讼活动中，鉴定人运用科学技术或者专门知识，对诉讼中涉及的专门性问题进行鉴别和判断，并提供鉴定意见的活动。鉴定意见(我国三大诉讼法均称鉴定结论)属于我国诉讼法律规定的七种法定证据之一，不仅本身具有证据功能，而且有印证、判定其他证据的独特功能，对于查明案件事实，正确适用法律，保障诉讼活动依法、顺利进行，具有独特的重要作用，因而在司法活动中，司法鉴定结论往往被称为“证据之王”，司法鉴定人被称为“科学的法官”。但是，长期以来我国司法鉴定体制存在法律规范不足、管理体制混乱、技术标准不统一、监督管理缺失、法律责任不清等诸多制度弊端，损害了司法鉴定的科学性、客观性和权威性，引起社会公众对司法鉴定工作的质疑，降低了司法鉴定的社会公信力，并进而影响了诉讼活动的顺利进行，影响了司法鉴定服务于诉讼、促进司法公正目的的实现。为了根除司法鉴定的体制弊端，真正发挥司法鉴定特有的证据价值，从上个世纪末开始，我国司法鉴定体制进入了缓慢的改革历程。2004年底，中央转发了《关于司法体制和工作机制改革的初步意见》，从政策层面上确定了司法鉴定管理体制改革的方向和目标要求；2005年2月，全国人大常委会审议通过了《关于司法鉴定管理问题的决定》，首次以法律性文件的形式确立了司法鉴定统一管理的基本框架，从而成为我国第一部关于司法鉴定工作的重要法律规范。但是，纵观一年来司法鉴定管理体制的运行情况，我国司法鉴定领域长期存在的诸多弊端并未得到根本改变，司法鉴定公信力不高仍然是困扰整个司法鉴定工作的核心问题。因此，研究和解决影响司法鉴定公信力的制度弊端，寻求提升司法鉴定鉴定公信力的有效方法，在当前仍然具有十分重要的现实意义。提升司法鉴定公信力，是一个复杂的系统工程，事关司法鉴定事业的长远发展。结合我国司法实践及科技发展的现状，笔者认为，改革我国司法鉴定体制，提升司法鉴定公信力，应当遵循的总体原则是：既要与时俱进，也要立足国情；既要顾及中国法制建设的现实，更要充分体现现代司法理念的精神。首先，在具体制度设计上，要充分体现当事人平等、程序公正、证据裁判等现代司法理念，实现司法鉴定统一管理的改革目标；其次，要合理借鉴国外司法鉴定制度的合理成分，建立能够保证司法鉴定公信力的一系列具体制度，如：鉴定名册制度、鉴定人负责制度、鉴定人回避制度、鉴定中立制度，等等；第三，要通过规范鉴定结论的格式和内容、完善鉴定结论的法庭质证程序、建立健全鉴定人出庭作证制度等具体措施，建立鉴定结论在法庭上接受质证的制度和规则；第四，要建立和完善司法鉴定公信评价机制和失信惩戒机制，以有效的监督，保证司法鉴定执业行为的合法性，维护司法鉴定的权威性和公正性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The forensic science means those activities in which expert witnesses apply technologies or special knowledge to identify and judge specific problems in court and provide expert opinion.Expert opinion ,which is called opinion evidence in our main three procedure laws is one of the seven legal forms of evidence simulated in our procedural laws. It not only has the function of evidence itself ,but also has a unique function of confirming and determining other evidences, expert opinion plays such an important role in finding out case facts , correctly applying the law, safeguarding litigious activities to process legally and smoothly that it is frequently called "the king of evidence", and expert witnesses are called" judges of science".But for a long time , there exist many abuses such as insufficient of legal norms ,disorder in administrative system, absent of supervision and administration ,uncertain of legal obligation. They have damaged the scientific ,objective ,authoritative nature of forensic science, brought about the public oppugning for forensic science , debased the public credits to forensic science .Furthermore , these abuses have prevented the litigious activities fromprocessing smoothly and the aim of forensic science system-servelitigation ,promote judicial justice-from being achieved.In order to eradicate above abuses in our forensic science system and exert the specific values that forensic science has indeed, our forensic science system slowly began its reform course from the end of last century. At the end of 2004, the CPC Central committee transmitted a document "Opinions on Reform of Judicial system and working mechanisms", which determines the requisitions of direction and objective of the reform of forensic science system in policy level. In February 2005,the Standing Committee of NPC deliberated and passed "Decisions on Problems of Administration of Forensic Science System" .As the first important legal norm on forensic science affairs ,It for the first time establish the basic frame of unified administration of forensic science system in the form of legal document .But as to the situations of the enforcement of it in the first year , the abuses exist in the field of forensic science for long-term have not been changed entirely., low public credits toforensic science is still the core problem that perplexes the whole forensic science affairs.. So, it has extremely important realistic significance to research and solve those abuses that influence the public credits to forensic science and seek effective methods to increase public credits to forensic science.To increase public credits to forensic science is a complicated systematic project that is related to the long-term development of forensic science cause. Concerning situations of judicial practice and technologic development, I think we should stick to the following principles to reform our forensic science system and to increase public credits to forensic science: keep pace with the times and base ourselves upon actual situations in China, take the reality of construction of Chinese legal system into consideration and fully embody the spirit of modern judicial ideals. First, in designing the concrete system , such modern judicial ideals as equality of litigants justice of procedure , judgment on evidence should be fully embodied to realize the objective of reform to unify the administration of forensic science ;secondly ,we should benefit from rational elements of forensic science systems in other countries to establish a series concrete systems that can safeguard the public credits to forensic science, such as system of personnel roster for forensic science, system of responsibility of expert witness ,system of challenge of expert witness, system of neutrality of forensic science, etc ;thirdly, .system and rules of opinion evidence to be cross-examined in court should be established by such concrete measures as standardizing the forms and contents of opinion evidence, ,perfecting the cross-examining procedure of opinion evidence, setting up and perfecting the system of serving as a witness at court for expert witness; finally, we should establish and perfect mechanism to appraise public credits to forensic science and penalty mechanism for those who lose public credits and through these effective supervisions ,we can safeguard the legality of forensic science practices and maintain the fairness and authority of forensic science更多还原