【作者】 王婷；

【导师】 冯佰利；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 种植， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 沙地衬膜水稻是根据沙地的自然特性和水稻的生长发育习性,在漏水漏肥、养分含量极低、风沙活动强烈的流动、半流动沙丘或丘间地上,经拉沙造田平整后采取铺设衬膜以形成防渗层,运用配方施肥、节水灌溉等综合措施,栽培种植水稻,以获得高产的一项技术。衬膜种稻不仅从根本上解决了沙害和漏水漏肥的弊端,同时又是自然资源开发利用的新途径,即达到促进低湿沙地集约性农业生产发展的目的。发展节水农业,进行水稻衬膜节水栽培技术的研究与应用,是发展水稻生产,合理利用水资源,缓解水资源紧缺的矛盾,提高水资源利用率的有效途径。对于促进我国沙地治理开发具有重要意义。榆林沙区沙漠化土地占全市总面积的56.8%,占全省总面积的11.9%,占毛乌素沙地总面积的48.6%,是我国北方典型的沙区。由于气候干旱,风沙灾害严重,长期以来,农牧业生产的产量低而不稳,粮食问题更是当地经济发展的主要矛盾。论文通过实地调查、田间试验、室内考种及统计分析等方法进行沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的研究,针对沙地衬膜水稻栽培技术的特殊性,进行了品种观察试验、最佳播种量试验、栽培密度试验、氮磷配方施肥试验、节水灌溉试验,得出如下主要结论:1.通过连续3年的品种比较试验和区域示范,筛选出适于毛乌素沙区榆林沙地栽培的优良品种超优一号、辽粳294、铁粳5号等,并先后作为榆林市水稻主栽和搭配品种在生产中进行推广应用。2.试验结果表明,榆林沙地衬膜水稻适宜育秧播种期为4月上旬,高产插秧期为5月上旬,可确保在8月5日前安全齐穗。3.通过3年密度试验,得出超优一号沙地衬膜栽培的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为8508kg/hm2;辽粳294的最佳密度是26.4×13cm,平均单产为7813.5 kg/hm2;铁粳5号的最佳密度是23.1×13cm,平均单产为7488 kg/hm2。4.根据榆林采用薄膜保温旱育移栽的特点和综合评判顺序以及秧床利用率等情况来衡量,每平方米播种量为0.4kg是榆林沙地衬膜水稻的最佳播量。5.通过测土配方,分别确定了适合在沙区中高产田和低产田科学施肥管理的方法,改以往习惯施肥法为看苗看地的“诊断施肥法”,即全层施肥法、分期追肥既保证了秧苗的正常需求,同时还提出了夏季水稻生产所需养分的平衡供应种类及数量,彻底改变了以前因施肥不当引发的脱肥早衰、贪青晚熟及稻瘟病的发生现象。沙地水稻土普遍缺氮、缺磷。沙区衬膜水稻单产8250 kg/hm2时,其最佳化肥施用量为:施N357 kg/hm2,P2O5180 kg/hm2。6.沙地衬膜水稻能够有效地拦截耕层水分的渗漏,衬膜水稻仅用水为12000m3/hm2,较常规用水量21000 m3/hm2节水9000 m3/hm2,节水率42%。总之,沙地衬膜水稻技术简单,适于农户进行小型经营,沙地衬膜水稻在毛乌素沙地榆林沙区具有良好的应用前景。沙地衬膜水稻不仅增加了粮食,而且可以为畜牧业提供更多的饲料草,有利于农牧结合和农牧互补。更多还原

【Abstract】 The cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was a technology in which,according to the natural characteristic of sand and paddy rice’s growth habit, membrane capable of guarding against infiltration was formed on the flowing and half-moving dune featured by water and fertilizer leakage,poor nutrition ,intensive wind and sandstorm ,then saving-water irrigation and formula fertilizer were employed to reach high yield . This technology not only fundamentally eased the effect of sandstorm and water and fertilizer leakage, and simultaneously served as a new way of taping the natural resource. The development of saving-water agriculture and lining membrane saving-water cultivation technology for the paddy rice could serve the purpose of expanding the paddy rice production, using water resources reasonably, alleviating the scarce of water resources, improving the efficiency of its use ,prompting the management and exploitation of sand land . Land prone to dissertation in Yulin accounts for 56.8% of the total area, 11.9% of the whole area of the province , 48.6% of entire sand land of Mao Wusu. So Yulin was a typical sandy land in the north of China .Because of the arid climate and serious sandstorm disasters, the animal husbandry production was low and unstable for a long time .The grain became the principal contradiction for the local economy development The paper studied the technology of membrane paddy rice cultivation through field investigation, field test, room plants tests and statistical analysis.In view of the particularity of the technology, the variety observation experiment, premium sowing quantity experiment, cultivation density experiment, nitrogen phosphorus formula fertilizer experiment, saves- water irrigation experiment were carried on. The main conclusions were following:1. Through 3-year variety comparison test and region demonstration, several good varieties suitable for planting in Mao Wusu were screened,such as : superior rice 1,Liao japonica rice 294, hard japonica rice 5 and so on, and then they , as major and complimentary varieties, were applied and expanded successively.2. The test result indicated that, the suitable sowing time for Yulin membrane paddy rice was the beginning of April ,and the transplanting time was the beginning of May which could guarantee ears to emerge chorally before August 5. 3. Through 3-year density experiment, the premium density was 26.4×13cm for the superior rice 1,and its average yield per unit area was 8508kg/hm2; 26.4×13cm for the density of Liao japonica rice 294, 7813.5 kg/hm2 for its average yield; 23.1×13cm for the density of hard japonica rice 5, 7,488 kg/hm2 for its average yield .4.According to the characteristic of transplant of plants cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land of Yulin and synthesis judgment order as well as shoot bed use efficiency in Yulin , the premium sowing quantity per square meter was 0.4kg .5.The method of scientific fertilizer and management suitable for the high-yield field and the low-yield field in sandy land . The diagnosis fertilizer method, as a good substitute for the habitual fertilizer method ,including entire level fertilizer method and stages topdressing method was raised and could satisfy the normal demand of seedling . The method of balance supply type and quantity of needed nutrients for paddy rice production were also proposed. Both of the methods could serve the purpose of entirely changing the occurrence of early-decrepitude caused by scarcity of fertilizer and late-mature caused by abundance of fertilizer and rice blast. The sandy soil generally lacks the nitrogen and phosphorus. When the yield of paddy rice per unit area obtained 8,250 kg/hm2, the best chemical fertilizer was : N357 kg/hm2, P2O5180 kg/hm2.6. The paddy rice cultivated in film-bottomed sandy land could effectively intercept the leakage of the topsoil moisture content .the water used for lining membrane paddy rice was only 12000m3/hm2, 9000 m3/hm2 as against of the conventional water use,saving water volume 21,000 m3/hm2.the rate of saving-water could reach 42%.In brief, the technology of cultivation of paddy rice in film-bottomed sandy land was simple and suitable for the peasant household to carry on a small scale, and its future was promising .The sand lining membrane paddy rice not only increased the grain, moreover may provide more feeds for the animal husbandry ,capable for the combination and supplementary of agriculture and stock farm .更多还原