论合同法的现代趋同

【作者】 陆青；

【导师】 戴永盛；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 民商法学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 近一二十年来,2在欧洲掀起了一场关于合同法以至于整个私法是否需要统一(unification)的论战。在这场“蒂博派”VS“萨维尼派”3的论战中,人们从不同的视角出发,思考和探讨这样一个根本问题:从保持各国合同法现状到实现统一(法典化)之间,欧洲的合同法趋同进程到底能走多远?当不少学者为未来可能拥有一部统一欧洲民法典或欧洲合同法典而欢欣鼓舞,甚至热情致力于此时,另一些学者则开始了更为深入的思考:合同法的统一是否欧洲经济政治发展所必须,法典化是否真能带来欧洲合同法的统一,是否存在或能够实现一个新的欧洲法律共同体(ius commune)?……在这一论战中,人们更多地把合同法的趋同与协调欧盟与各成员国关系,正视欧洲各国的法律传统和文化差异,实现欧盟的政治和经济目标等联系在一起,这为趋同进程披上了一件具有“欧洲”商标的外衣。但是,这一“欧洲特色”并不妨碍我们思考一个超越欧洲范围之外的更大命题——合同法的现代趋同。现代经济的日益纵深发展,不仅需要合同法规则突破地理空间上的限制,更要求合同法能够为这种经济发展设计一定的行为框架。在这种背景下,当前各国的合同法体现出了许多区别于崇尚自由意志的传统法的现代特色。例如,从诚信原则衍生出大量的默示义务,通过指令或特别法的形式制定保护消费者利益的特别规定。因此,从表面上看,合同法的统一进程表现为各国合同法的趋同甚至同一,而其本质则在于如何革新各国传统的合同法,如何满足新的现代发展需要。实际上,正是由于各成员国合同法、欧盟相关指令等制定时间和发展水平上的不均衡,使得欧洲合同法的趋同并不是简单地通过比较两国或多国的合同法规则,移植或寻求共性即可,而需要在文化、理念、法律技术上寻求新的平衡。今天,当我们以“外人”的眼光看待这样一场轰轰烈烈的欧洲合同法趋同运动时,我们需要一种置身其中的使命感。尽管中国在1999年通过颁布现行《合同法》,实现了在一国范围内合同法的统一。但地理领域内的制度统一并不意味着真正实现了合同法的现代趋同。随着国际经济交往的日益频繁,随着实践中种种新的问题的产生,随着此起彼伏的民法典制定呼声,如何借鉴欧洲合同法的历史经验,应对现代社会发展的需要,在更新当代合同法的同时保持趋同,将是我们需要认真思考的现实的问题。本文写作思路是:第一章以欧洲合同法的趋同进程为视角,从欧洲合同法趋同的时代演进出发,分析欧洲从古罗马、中世纪到现代合同法国际化趋同的历史,也即合同法趋同的可能性。第二章从经济、政治和法律三个角度,分析欧洲内部范围合同法的共同体需求,也即合同法趋同的必要性,并指出需求程度影响和制约欧洲合同法的趋同方式选择。在此基础之上,第三章笔者指出在理论上,趋同的本质难题在于如何革新各国传统的合同法,适应新的现代发展需要,具体包括文化、理念、法律技术三个层面;第四章笔者介绍当前欧洲内部学术层面、欧盟法层面的种种合同法趋同(包括统一)实践,并进一步分析发展走向。第五章思考了其对中国的合同法现代趋同的借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the last one or two decades, there is a debate about whether contract law, even private law need be unified in Europe. In this Tibaul V.S. Savani debate, people are thinking and talking about such n fundamental problem: from maintaining the status quo of contract law in European countries to achieving unification(codification), how far will be the harmonization of European contract law progress? While some researchers commit themselves to having and designing an unified European Civil Code or an European Contract Law Code, some others have been thinking deeply about the following questions: whether a uniform contract law for Europe should be necessary for the development of European politics and economic, whether codification really can bring about an unified European contract law, is there really a new European ius commune?In this debate, people always relate the harmonization of contract law to the harmonizing of EU and national countries, envisaging the difference of legal traditions and cultures among national countries, realizing the politics and economic goals of EU. This discussion has been characterized by its European character. But such a European character doesn’t keep us from thinking a larger proposition——the modern harmonization of contract law. With the depth development of modern economy, contract law not only need to break through restricts of geography, but also need to design certain action frame for such a development. Under such a situation, currently national contract laws embody many modern characters which are different from traditional law that upholds free will. For example, many default rules are derived from good faith, especially regulations protecting for consumers’interest through directions and special rules. Therefore, apparently, the unite progress of contract law is embodied by the unification and harmonization of national contract laws ,but the essence of such a progress is how to reform traditional national contract law to meet the needs of modern development. Actually, just because of the disproportion of enact time and development level of national contract law and Directions ,the harmonization of contract law doesn’t depend on comparing national contract laws, transplanting them or seeking commonness, but to seek new balances on culture, idea, legal technology.Today, while we are looking at such a vigorous progress from alien vision, we need a feeling of liability. Although China enacted contract law in 1999, and realized national unification of contract law, the unification of rules in the geography sense doesn’t mean realizing modern harmonization of contract law. Along with the frequency of international economic trades, with the new problems come from legal practice, with the strong voice of enacting a civil code, there is a practical problem which need to be thought over carefully: how to make reference to historical experience of European contract law, and meet the needs of modern social development, update the contemporary contract law while maintaining the harmonization.This paper will first discusses the harmonization progress of European contract law, point out the possibility of contract harmonization by analyzing the harmonization contract law evolvement history of ancient Rome time, middle ages, and modern internationalization .In section 2 of the paper, analyses the community requirement of contract law in Europe-the inevitability of harmonizing contract law from economical ,political and legal sense, also points out the extent of demand infects and restricts the way of harmonization of European contract law. Then, in section 3,it is pointed out that theoretically, the basic problem is how to reform traditional contract law to meet the needs of modern development ,including three aspects: culture, idea and legal technology .Section 4 introduces current harmonization practices in Europe from science level and European law level and seeks to find out the development tendency .In section 5 ,I will investigate whether such a progress has any reference meaning to the present state of affairs in Chinese contract law.更多还原