【作者】 王永军；

【导师】 张改生；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在我国为第二大粮食作物。大量研究表明,象水稻、玉米、油菜一样,小麦也具有明显的杂种优势,深入研究与开发利用是大幅度提高小麦产量的一条重要途径。小麦杂种优势利用途径主要有两种,一是:“三系法”,二是“化杀法”。此外,我国曾利用高温诱导小麦雄性不育也取得了一定的进展。由于利用“化杀法”,亲本可从常规品种中自由选择、组配,大大地提高了育种的效率,因此,近年来,“化杀法”发展很快,已成为小麦杂种优势利用的一条最可行途径。但化杀法能否走向生产的关键是需要有一种优良的化学杂交剂。SQ-1 是我国自行研制的具有自主知识产权的一种新型小麦杂交剂,杀雄效果彻底,对小麦无任何不良影响,能较好地替代进口化学杂交剂GENESIS,解决了制约我国以杀雄剂技术利用小麦杂种优势的瓶颈。“三系法”,是利用核质互作雄性不育系生产杂交种,属于遗传型雄性不育;“化杀法”是利用化学药剂诱导雄性不育,属于生理型雄性不育。“高温杀雄”也属于生理型雄性不育。本研究是将遗传型雄性不育和生理型雄性不育相结合,在相同条件下进行比较研究,以期发现它们在败育过程中的异同点,旨在为生产实践提供理论与技术指导。经小麦遗传型雄性不育与生理型雄性不育花药、叶片过氧化物酶同工酶(POD),细胞色素氧化酶同工酶(COD),淀粉酶同工酶的比较研究;小麦遗传型和生理型雄性不育花药、叶片可溶性蛋白质的比较研究,获得下述结果: 1.经杀雄剂SQ-1 处理的材料及S 型不育系花药POD 和COD 酶带比对照酶带少且活性低,COD 的降低导致氧化磷酸化效率降低,从而减弱花药的呼吸速率和能量的形成,导致雄性不育的发生。而高温诱导雄性不育花药在二核期和三核期与对照表现出明显的差异:其花药POD、COD 比对照的酶带多且活性强,说明在高温这种逆境中其活性氧自由基含量高,发生剧烈的膜脂过氧化作用,并且COD 活性的增强,将导致IAA的氧化分解,影响小孢子正常发育所需营养物质的合成与运输,从而导致雄性不育的发生。2.经杀雄剂SQ-1 和高温诱导的雄性不育材料花药淀粉酶表现较为一致,比对照明显增强;而S 型不育系其淀粉酶活性比对照低。推测S 型不育系中由于花药中淀粉酶的缺乏,导致花药发育过程中缺乏必要的营养物质而影响其正常的发育。3.旗叶COD、POD 同工酶在各处理间基本无差异;但在淀粉酶中经杀雄剂SQ-1处理的材料1376 比对照少了两条带,而经杀雄剂SQ-1 处理的材料2611 却与对照相更多还原

【Abstract】 wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) is the first leading cereal crop in the world, and the second leading cereal crop in china. A lot of research indicated that the wheat, as rice, maize and rape, has also obvious heterosis. The heterosis of wheat can be deeply explored and can be utilized to increase the yield per unit of area sown. Now there are two important methods used for producing hybrid wheat seed to utilize the heterosis of wheat. The first method is Cytoplasm Male Sterility System (CMSS). The second is Chemical Hybridizing Agent System (CHAS). In addition, we made progress in male-sterility induced by high temperature. The CHAS developed rapidly and had become a main way in the applying with producing in recent years. Because the male and female parent in CHAS can be selected freely and combined from the conventional wheat varieties as to increase the efficiency of hybrid breeding programs. However, the key of successful CHAS need a nice kind of Chemical Hybridizing. SQ-1 is a new kind of CHA with self-knowledge property in china. SQ-1 could induce above 95% male sterility and has no side-effect on growth and development in wheat, and could take place GENESIS which was developed by Monsanto company in USA and was regarded as a nice kind of CHA in the world, and resolve the restriction in Chemical Hybridizing Agent System (CHAS) in our country. Cytoplasm Male Sterility System (CMSS) belong to hereditable male-sterility; Chemical Hybridizing Agent System (CHAS) belong to physiological male-sterility; male-sterility induced by high temperature also belong to physiological male-sterility. The article compared the difference between hereditable male-sterility and physiological male-sterility in same condition so that we know the mechanism of male-sterility and instruct production. The study include: a comparative study of anther and leaf isoenzyme which was POD, COD, amylase of male sterility induced by physiology and heredity type in wheat; a comparative study of dissoluble protein on anther and leaf of male sterility induced by physiology and heredity type in wheat. All results are as follows: (1), The POD, COD activities which S-type male-sterile line and male sterility induced by CHA were lower than the contrast, and isoenzymes bands less than the contrast, the lower COD activity result in the falling of oxidative phosphorylation rate, and reduce the rate of breath and the information of energy. Obvious difference between male sterility induced by high temperature and contrast emerge in binucleated stage and trinucleated stage: the POD, COD activities of male-sterile induced by high-temperature were higher than the contrast and isoenzymes bands more than the contrast, which indict the amount of active oxygen and free radical more than normal level in adversity of high temperature and take place acute lipid peroxidization. The enhancement of COD activity lead to the oxidative cleavage of IAA, which affect the synthesis and transportation of nutriment that is essential to the development of microspore. (2) The activity of anther amylase isoenzyme of male-sterility induced by SQ-1 and high temperature is higher than contrast. The activity of anther amylase isoenzyme of S-type male-sterility line is lower than the contrast. (3) There is almost no difference among the male sterility materials and the contrast in leaf POD,COD isoenzyme. The amylase isoenzyme bands of male-sterility material 1376 is less than the contrast, but amylase isoenzyme of male-sterility material 2611 is as the same as the contrast, which indict the interworking between CHA and genotype. (4) We find differential protein in anther of hereditable male-sterility and physiological male-sterility. In binucleated stage, there is a lack of 31KD protein in male sterility materials contrast to the normal materials. We presume that the 31KD protein is related with male-sterility. (5) We have no find differential protein in leaf in different stages.更多还原