【作者】 刘文婷；

【导师】 梁宗锁；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以商洛丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)为材料，研究了其生物学特性，为丹参规范化栽培提供理论依据。实验研究分为室内和野外两部分：室内对丹参营养器官进行了较为系统的形态解剖学研究和种子萌发生物学特性的研究；在商州区杨峪河丹参种植基地，对生育周期为2年的丹参的形态和生长发育、不同栽植密度及摘除花蕾对丹参产量和有效成分含量的影响、丹参生长中的特殊现象、生殖生物学特性进行了系统研究，获得如下结论：1. 丹参茎、叶、根的形态和解剖结构观察。在茎叶中观察到丹参的表皮毛，在叶片中观察到丹参的气孔。丹参根的侧向生长旺盛。2. 丹参移栽后苗系与根系生长具有明显的相关性。在移栽后的第一个营养生长期，苗系首先迅速生长、表现为植株高度和重量的迅速增加，而根系的快速生长期明显滞后于苗系。第二个营养生长期则以根系的快速生长为主。当抽薹开花以后，丹参进入生殖生长阶段，苗系的重量和高度都只有很少增加，根系生长也趋于平缓。种子成熟以后，由生殖生长转入第二个以根系生长为中心的营养生长阶段。确定商洛丹参的最佳采收期为11月上旬。3. 不同的栽植密度对丹参产量和有效成分含量有显著影响，以20cm×25cm的栽植密度为最佳。在此密度下丹参的根产量以鲜重计可达1631Kg/亩，丹参素含量可达2.15%，丹参酮IIA含量可达0.42%。通过我们的试验，还证明了摘除花蕾可以明显提高丹参产量。4. 经观察，丹参在生长过程中出现夏休眠现象，对植物本身而言，这是一种有益的生物学特性，是对外界不良环境条件的适应性表现，但为了提高药材的产量和品质，在生产中应该加强田间管理，防止该现象发生。5. 丹参种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性，在10℃和25℃下，种子浸水10min后吸水量即可达到种子原重的4.5倍左右，至2h吸水量分别达到原重的 10.5和11.7倍。温度对种子吸水无明显的影响。丹参种子发芽的最适温度为25～30℃，在实验室发芽条件下，采用滤纸床25℃时，一级丹参种子的发芽率为83%，混级种子的发芽率为74%。同时，实验还发现:预先冷冻、PEG-4000引发和GA3浸种处理可以明显提高丹参种子的发芽率；采用超声波处理和PEG引发技术可以使贮藏1年以上的陈种子发芽率显著提高。6. 通过对丹参开花习性、花粉形态、花粉活力、传粉方式等生殖生物学特性的初步研究，结果表明，丹参的花粉活力在80%以上，授粉时间对丹参的结实率影响不大。丹参的自然杂交结实率为75.4%,自交结实率为46.16%，表明丹参为常异花授粉植物。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper ,biological characters of Shangluo Danshen(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) were researched in order to offer theoretical basis for standard cultivation. The research included two parts: indoors and fields. The former included morphology and anatomy of Danshen，s nutritional organ and biological character of seed germination; the latter included the morphophology and development of Danshen,the effect on output and effective ingredients by different planting density and excising flower bud, the special phenomenon in Danshen growth , and the biological character of reproduction . The material was from Shangluo Danshen which grew in fields for 2 years. The main results as follows:1. Morphology and anatomy of stalk ,leaf and root were observed. There were epidermis hairs in stalks and leaves. Stomas like kidney lies in the leaves. Epidermis hairs and stomas had important effects on resisting unfavorable conditions. Side direction growth of roots was vigorous.2. Seedlings and root system of Danshen had obvious correlation when they were transplanted into fields. During the first nutritional growth period, seedlings growth rapidly, at first (height of plants and weight increased rapidly). The rapid growth stage on root system lag behind seed system obviously. During the second nutritional growth period, root growth dominantly. After blossom, Danshen entered reproduction growth stage ,and the weight and height of seedling system increased little while root system growth tended gentle. After seeds ripened, Danshen entered the second nutritional growth stage. The first ten-day period of November was the optimal harvest time for Danshen .3. Different planting density had notable effects on output and content of active constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge .The output and content reached the best when the planting density was 20cm×25cm. The output of fresh roots got to 1631Kg/mu. The content of Danshen su got to 2.15% and the content of tanshinonIIA got to 0.42%. The experiment proved that excising flower bud could improve output of Danshen. 4. It was observed that Salvia miltihiorrhiza Bunge could emerge dormancy phenomina in summer. As a kind of medicinal plant , we must take some measures to prevent dormancy in summer.5. Danshen seeds have the biological character of absorbing water rapidly. At 10~25℃, we put the seeds into water, after 10 minutes, the seeds weight will be about 4.5 times as itself. Two hours later, it will be 10.5 times and 11.7 times as the seeds weight respectively. Temperature has no significant influent on the rate of absorbing water. The optimal temperature of Salvia miltihiorrhiza Bunge seed germination is from 25℃ to 30℃. In the <WP=7>laboratory ,using the filter paper bed, at 25℃,seed of grade 1 the percent of germination is 83% and mixture seed,s percent of germination is 74%. At the results also appeared that pre-freezing, PEG-4000 initiation and GA3 soaking can enhance the seeds germination capacity obviously. Using ultrasonic technique & PEG initiation to treat the one-year-stored seeds, the germination capacity can be improved significantly.6. Studies on flower character, morphology of flower, pollen vigor, pollination pattern and so on were done. It was showed that: pollen vigor of Salvia miltihiorrhiza Bunge was more than 80%, pollination time had little effect on setting seed rate of Salvia miltihiorrhiza Bunge; the natural setting seed rate was 75.4% and setting seed rate by self-cross was 46.16% which showed that Salvia miltihiorrhiza Bunge belongs to often cross pollination plants.更多还原