【作者】 张维库；

【导师】 吴文君；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农药学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本论文在对牛心朴子的杀虫杀螨、杀菌、除草活性初步筛选的基础上，在生物活性追踪指导下，对其除草活性成分进行了分离，主要研究结果如下：测定了牛心朴子石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物、生物碱和非生物碱对粘虫（Mythimna separata Walker）3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性以及对截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncates Ehara)成虫的毒杀活性。结果表明，5种样品浓度为5%时，对粘虫3龄幼虫均无胃毒和触杀活性；浓度为2000 mg·L-1时对截形叶螨成虫无明显的毒杀活性。抑制菌丝生长速率法测定结果表明，牛心朴子石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物、生物碱和非生物碱浓度为500 mg·L-1时，对番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cirerea）、番茄早疫病菌（Alternaria solani）、烟草赤星病菌（Alternaria alternata）、苹果炭疽病菌（Glomerella cingulata）、西瓜枯萎病菌（F.oxysporium f.sp niveum）、小麦根腐病菌（Bipolarissorokiniana shoem）、马铃薯干腐病菌（Fusarium oxysporium）和玉米大斑病菌（Exserohilum turcicum）有不同程度的抑制活性。其中尤以生物碱抑制活性高，对8种病菌抑制率均在85.6%以上。牛心朴子石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物、生物碱和非生物碱浓度为50 mg·L-1时，对马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.）、反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus L.）、油菜（Brassica campestris）和小麦（Triticum aestivum）除草活性室内测定结果表明，生物碱对4种供试植物萌发、主根和主茎生长的抑制活性最高，且对反枝苋种子萌发、主根和主茎生长的抑制率均为100%。盆栽试验结果表明，生物碱土壤处理浓度为200 mg·L-1时，对马唐、反枝苋、油菜种子的萌发没有抑制活性；相同浓度下，茎叶处理时，对马唐、反枝苋株防效分别达到93.3%和100%；对油菜主茎生长的抑制率为43.1%，而对主根则没有明显抑制作用。在除草生物活性追踪指导下，从生物碱中分离得到2个除草活性化合物NW1、NW2，利用快原子轰击-质谱（FAB-MS）、核磁共振（1H NMR、13C NMR和DEPT）等波谱学手段，对化合物NW1、NW2进行了结构鉴定， 初步判定化合物NW1结构为7-脱甲氧基娃儿藤碱，化合物NW2为6-羟基-2,3-二甲氧基菲并吲哚里西啶。生测结果表明化合物NW1对反枝苋种子萌发、主根及主茎生长的EC50分别为0.029 mg·L-1、0.019 mg·L-1、0.025 mg·L-1；化合物NW2对反枝苋种子萌发、主根及主茎生长的EC50分别为0.581 mg·L-1、0.044 mg·L-1、0.037 mg·L-1。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the basis of screening on bioactivities of Cynanchum komarovii including insecticidal, acaricidal, fungicidal and herbicidal bioactivity, the studies on herbicidal constituets of C. komarovii have been carried out. The main results are as follows. Petrolem ether extract, ether acetate extract, methanol extract, alkaloids and non-alkaloids of C. komarovii were tested against insecticidal and acaricidal activity. The results indicated that all test samples had no contact poison and stomach poison activity against 3rd instar larvae of Mythimna separate Walker at the concentration of 5% and also no evident poison-killed activity against imago of Tetranychus truncates Ehara at the concentration of 2000 mg·L-1.By means of mycelium growth rate, the all test samples of C. komarovii had different degree fungicidal activity against Botrytis cirerea, Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternate, Glomerella cingulata, F.oxysporium f.sp niveum, Bipolarissorokiniana shoem, Fusarium oxysporium and Exserohilum turcicum at the concentration of 500 mg·L-1. In addition, the results also showed that alkloids had the most intensive fungicidal activity and inhibiting rates of akloids against the eight fungi were all above 85.6%.Taking Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Brassica campestris and Triticum aestivum as test plants, the herbicidal activity of the five test samples of C. komarovii was tested at the concentration of 50 mg·L-1. The results of room test indicated that alkloids exhibited the highest inhibiting activity against the four test plants and had 100% inhibiting rates especial against germination, taproot, caulis of Amaranthus retroflexus L.. The results of pot test also showed that at the concentration of 200 mg·L-1 alkaloids had no inhibition against germination of Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Brassica campestris in soil treatment. In treatment of stem and leaf of plant at the same concentration protective efficacies of alkaloids were 93.3% and 100% against Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Amaranthus retroflexus and the inhibiting rate of alkaloids was 43.1% against caulis of Brassica campestris, however, alkaloids had no inhibition against taproot of Brassica campestris.The herbicidal compound NW1 and NW2 were obtained from alkaloids with bioactivity-traced method. By means of spectroscopy methods such as FAB-MS, 1H NMR , 13C NMR and DEPT, compound NW1 and NW2 were identified as 7-demethoxylophorine and 6-hydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy phenanthroindolizidine. The results indicated that the values of EC50 of compound NW1 were 0.029 mg·L-1, 0.019 mg·L-1 and 0.025 mg·L-1 against germination, taproot, caulis of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and the values of EC50 of compound NW2 were 0.058 mg·L-1, 0.044 mg·L-1 and 0.037 mg·L-1 against germination, taproot, caulis of Amaranthus retroflexus L. respectively.更多还原